In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells
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Research Letter
In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells Jeffery A. Aguiar, Materials Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84122, USA; Fuel Design and Development Directorate, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA Nooraldeen R. Alkurd, Advanced Materials Institute, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA; Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA Sarah Wozny, Advanced Materials Institute, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA Maulik K. Patel, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Mengjin Yang, Materials Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Weilie Zhou, Advanced Materials Institute, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA Mowafak Al-Jassim, Materials Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Terry G. Holesinger, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA Kai Zhu and Joseph J. Berry, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Address all correspondence to Jeffery A. Aguiar [email protected] (Received 6 April 2017; accepted 26 June 2017)
Abstract Here we report on the material chemistry following crystallization in the presence of water vapor of chlorinated formamidinium lead-triiodide (NH2CH = NH2PbI3−xClx) perovskite films. We found in-situ exposure to water vapor reduces, or possibly eliminates, the retention of chlorine (Cl) inside NH2CH = NH2PbI3−xClx crystals. There is a strong tendency toward Cl volatility, which indicates the sensitivity of these materials for their integration into solar cells. The requisite for additional efforts focused on the mitigation of water vapor is reported. Based on the in situ results, hot casting (20%), a large capacity for longterm manufacturing (>5 years), and extended lifetimes (>20 years).[2–7] Perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) are attractive PV materials due to their impressive properties as electrooptical transistors, light harvesters, and relatively low capital cost that leads into innovative industry-scalable processing.[2–12] Improving on the efficiencies, carrier lifetimes, opencircuit voltages, and short-circuit currents the intermixing of halides, such as bromine and chlorine (Cl), presents the potential to improve on each of these device properties and lower capital costs.[12,13] The materials basis and understanding accompanying these materials is ongoing and requires detailed microscopy to further inform the scientific and PV communities.[9,14–18] Based on the literature there are remaining concerns over the final chemistry and structure of mixed halide perovskites, including both CH3NH3PbI3−xClx (MAPbI3−
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