In Vivo Pressurization of the Zebrafish Embryonic Heart as a Tool to Characterize Tissue Properties During Development
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Annals of Biomedical Engineering ( 2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02619-5
Original Article
In Vivo Pressurization of the Zebrafish Embryonic Heart as a Tool to Characterize Tissue Properties During Development ALEX GENDERNALIK ,1 BANAFSHEH ZEBHI,2 NEHA AHUJA,3 DEBORAH GARRITY,1,3 and DAVID BARK JR.1,2,4,5 1
School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Room 304 Scott Building, 1374 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1374, USA; 3 Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; and 5Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA (Received 4 June 2020; accepted 10 September 2020) Associate Editor Arash Kheradvar oversaw the review of this article.
Abstract—Cardiac morphogenesis requires an intricate orchestration of mechanical stress to sculpt the heart as it transitions from a straight tube to a multichambered adult heart. Mechanical properties are fundamental to this process, involved in a complex interplay with function, morphology, and mechanotransduction. In the current work, we propose a pressurization technique applied to the zebrafish atrium to quantify mechanical properties of the myocardium under passive tension. By further measuring deformation, we obtain a pressure-stretch relationship that is used to identify constitutive models of the zebrafish embryonic cardiac tissue. Two-dimensional results are compared with a three-dimensional finite element analysis based on reconstructed embryonic heart geometry. Through these steps, we found that the myocardium of zebrafish results in a stiffness on the order of 10 kPa immediately after the looping stage of development. This work enables the ability to determine how these properties change under normal and pathological heart development. Keywords—Heart, Zebrafish, Mechanical properties, Embryo, Development.
INTRODUCTION Morphological sculpting during cardiogenesis involves a complex interplay between tissue growth, mechanical properties, and function.34 This interplay is fundamental to modeling and remodeling of tissue as the afterload on the heart increases in response to the growing demands of the body.16–18,25,28,33 When Address correspondence to David Bark Jr., School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Electronic mail: [email protected]
encountering abnormal mechanical stress, the adaptive responses can lead to morphology reminiscent of congenital heart defects.15,22 To better understand the relationships in both health and disease, it is first necessary to develop approaches to quantify mechanical properties in animal models used to study heart development. Just after looping, the embryonic heart is composed of three layers and two chambers (atrium and ventricle). The endocardium and cardiac jelly (CJ) are the innermost layers that provide little to no tensile support.11,41,44 Th
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