Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature
The authors discussed in this book, including James Fenimore Cooper, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, and Leslie Marmon Silko, place this cross-cultural contact in nature, not only collapsing cultural and racial boundaries, but also complica
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Anti-Hero in the American Novel: From Joseph Heller to Kurt Vonnegut By David Simmons Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature: From Faulkner and Morrison to Walker and Silko By Lindsey Claire Smith
Indians, Environment, and Identity on the Borders of American Literature From Faulkner and Morrison to Walker and Silko
Lindsey Claire Smith
INDIANS, ENVIRONMENT, AND IDENTITY ON THE BORDERS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
Copyright © Lindsey Claire Smith, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60541-1 All rights reserved. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-37290-4 ISBN 978-0-230-61405-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230614055 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Lindsey Claire. Indians, environment, and identity on the borders of American literature : from Faulkner and Morrison to Walker and Silko / Lindsey Claire Smith. p. cm.—(American literature readings in the twenty-first century) 1. American literature—History and criticism. 2. Indians in literature. 3. Intercultural communication in literature. 4. Ecology in literature. 5. Nature in literature. 6. Identity (Psychology) in literature. 7. Group identity in literature. I. Title. PS173.I6S53 2008 810.99352997—dc22
2007047881
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Jerre Brokaw (Delaware) 1929–1999 Dear friend and inspiration
C ontents
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction
1
1 2 3
Cross-Cultural Hybridity in James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans
7
Legacy of “Doom” on the Crossroads of William Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha
39
Indigenous “Rememory”: Cultural Hybridity and the Nature of Resistance in the Novels of Toni Morrison
75
4
Alice Walker’s Eco-“Warriors”
109
5
The Earth Remains: Place and Prophecy in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead
145
Notes
179
Works Cited
183
Index
193
Ack now ledgments
I am very grateful to my parents, Dwight and Charlene Smith, and my brother, Benjamin Corbett Smith. I would also like to thank my mentors at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gretchen Bataille, Trudier Harris, Linda Wagner-Martin, Valerie Lambert, and Maria DeGuzman. In addition, I am especially indebted to Sandra Hoeflich, associate dean of the Graduate School at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Penny Aldrich, supporter of the Sequoyah Fellowship for American Indian Students/Studies, who made sure that I was supporte
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