Infectivity, virulence, pathogenicity, host-pathogen interactions of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 in experimental animals: a syst
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Infectivity, virulence, pathogenicity, host-pathogen interactions of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 in experimental animals: a systematic review Jayanta Sarkar 1,2 & Rajdeep Guha 2,3 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 in mainland China with subsequent human to human transmission worldwide had taken up the shape of a devastating pandemic. The ability of the virus to infect multiple species other than humans has currently been reported in experimental conditions. Non-human primates, felines, ferrets, rodents and host of other animals could previously be infected in experimental conditions with SARS-CoV and recently with SARS-CoV-2, both virus using Angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 receptor for cellular entry. The variations in sequence homology of ACE2 receptor across species is identified as one of the factors determining virulence and pathogenicity in animals. The infection in experimental animals with SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 on most occasions are asymptomatic, however, the virus could multiply within the respiratory tract and extra-pulmonary organs in most of the species. Here, we discuss about the pathogenicity, transmission, variations in angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 receptor-binding across species and host pathogen interactions of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 in laboratory animals used in research. Keywords Coronaviruses . SARS-CoV-2 . Rodents . Non-human Primates . Transgenic Animals
Introduction Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of viruses which were known to cause mild flu like symptoms in humans previously. However, these viruses harboured in wild mammals when transmitted to humans resulted in two pandemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) during the last two decades. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), popularly known as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID19) is the reoccurrence of infection by SARS related viruses which has been declared by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a global pandemic. The outbreak occurred in a local sea food market in Wuhan, Hubei province in central China from a probable bat * Rajdeep Guha [email protected] 1
Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
2
CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
3
Laboratory Animals Facility , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
origin (Zhou 2020) which had a human to human transmission to more than 150 countries resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. The check of human to human transmission is only possible at present by following a set of hygienic principles, social distancing, isolation and quarantine of suspected patients as there are no validated therapeutics or a vaccine for prevention of the disease. Inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 in experimental animal reveal susceptibility of infection in cats, ferrets, dogs, hamsters, mouse and NHPs. The research revealing infectivity, p
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