Inflammatory cell-associated tumors. Not only macrophages (TAMs), fibroblasts (TAFs) and neutrophils (TANs) can infiltra
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REVIEW
Inflammatory cell‑associated tumors. Not only macrophages (TAMs), fibroblasts (TAFs) and neutrophils (TANs) can infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. The unique role of tumor associated platelets (TAPs) Violetta Dymicka‑Piekarska1 · Olga M. Koper‑Lenkiewicz1 · Justyna Zińczuk1 · Ewa Kratz2 · Joanna Kamińska1 Received: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract It is well known that various inflammatory cells infiltrate cancer cells. Next to TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), TAFs (tumor-associated fibroblasts) and TANs (tumor-associated neutrophils) also platelets form the tumor microenvironment. Taking into account the role of platelets in the development of cancer, we have decided to introduce a new term: tumor associated platelets—TAPs. To the best of our knowledge, thus far this terminology has not been employed by anyone. Platelets are the first to appear at the site of the inflammatory process that accompanies cancer development. Within the first few hours from the start of the colonization of cancer cells platelet-tumor aggregates are responsible for neutrophils recruitment, and further release a number of factors associated with tumor growth, metastasis and neoangiogenesis. On the other hand, it also has been indicated that factors delivered from platelets can induce a cytotoxic effect on the proliferating neoplastic cells, and even enhance apoptosis. Undoubtedly, TAPs’ role seems to be more complex when compared to tumor associated neutrophils and macrophages, which do not allow for their division into TAP P1 and TAP P2, as in the case of TANs and TAMs. In this review we discuss the role of TAPs as an important element of tumor invasiveness and as a potentially new therapeutic target to prevent cancer development. Nevertheless, better exploring the interactions between platelets and tumor cells could help in the formulation of new therapeutic goals that support or improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Keywords Tumor associated platelets (TAPs) · Platelet activation · Cancer development · Tumor microenvironment
Background/Introduction The association between inflammation and cancer has long been the subject of numerous studies. In 1863, Virchow put forward a hypothesis stating that immune cell infiltrations Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-020-02758-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
reflect the site of neoplastic lesions within the chronically affected tissue [1]. A decade later, Dvorak reported that carcinogenesis and inflammatory condition share some growth mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, increased survival, migration and enhanced angiogenesis, which are strictly controlled by growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines and proangiogenic factors. Moreover, he observed that cells
* Violetta Dymicka‑Piekarska [email protected]
Ewa Kratz [email protected]
* Joanna Kamińska [email protected]
1
Department of
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