Infliximab can reduce mortality from 35 to 14% in critically ill patients with COVID-19: perhaps some potential confound
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LETTER
Open Access
Infliximab can reduce mortality from 35 to 14% in critically ill patients with COVID-19: perhaps some potential confounders to consider Patrick M. Honore*, Leonel Barreto Gutierrez, Luc Kugener, Sebastien Redant, Rachid Attou, Andrea Gallerani and David De Bels We read with great interest the recent article by Stallmach et al. who reported data from a small retrospective case series of patients with COVID-19 that received infliximab compared to a contemporaneous cohort that received supportive care alone [1]. Infliximab (anti-TNF) was used to target proinflammatory cytokines that are associated with deterioration of organ function and poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19 [1, 2]. The authors reported that mortality was reduced from 35% in the control group to 14% in the infliximab group [1]. We would like to make some comments. Looking at the baseline characteristics of the patients, we can see that ferritin levels in the infliximab group were almost double those in the control group (2777.4 vs 1453 μg/L) [1]. It is possible that the patients in the treated group may have had secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 [3]. The HScore, one of the tools to diagnose HLH, assigns no points to a ferritin below 2000 μg/L, while a ferritin between 2000 and 6000 μg/L adds 35 points, showing that the limit of
2000 μg/L is really crucial [3]. Due to the massive cytokine release seen in patients with the condition, HLH is considered to be a cytokine storm syndrome [3]. In potential sHLH, early use of high-dose steroids alone can be successful, consistent with the recent findings regarding the efficacy of dexamethasone in patients with severe COVID-19 receiving any form of respiratory support [4]. Other drugs such as infliximab may be life-saving in this group of patients. In conclusion, on the basis of the difference in ferritin levels between the two groups and the potential diagnosis of sHLH, the two groups in this study are not well matched [3]. A diagnosis of sHLH could explain the enormous cytokine storm responding so well to infliximab [1] and may also explain why dexamethasone is so effective in patients with severe COVID-19 [4]. The sHLHcytokine storm may be the main reason for the rapid deterioration seen in patients with COVID-19 [3]. It is advisable to measure baseline ferritin before starting any immunological treatment in order to improve the efficacy [5].
This comment refers to the article available at https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13054-020-03158-0. * Correspondence: [email protected] ICU Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann-Brugmann University Hospital, Place Van Gehuchtenplein, 4, 1020 Brussels, Belgium © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the C
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