Influence of solute Segregation on grain-boundary energy and self-diffusion
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have b e e n m o s t thoroughly i n v e s t i g a t e d by AES but Ni, Cu, A1203, MgO and Ni3A1 have also r e c e i v e d i m p o r t a n c e of the c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of the a t t e n t i o n r e c e n t l y . The FIM technique is even m o r e g r a i n - b o u n d a r y r e g i o n (GB) in m e t a l s and alloys and r e s t r i c t i v e as only high s t r e n g t h a l l o y s can be conm a t e r i a l s in g e n e r a l has b e e n widely r e c o g n i z e d . The s i d e r e d which do not d i s i n t e g r a t e u n d e r the i n t e n s e effect of the GB s o l u t e - s e g r e g a t i o n on d e f o r m a t i o n , e l e c t r i c a l field p r e s e n t at the s p e c i m e n tip. E l e c t r o n f r a c t u r e , s t r e s s c o r r o s i o n , a c c e l e r a t e d high t e m p e r a m i c r o s c o p y with e n e r g y a n a l y s i s is g e n e r a l l y applit u r e c r e e p and so forth, in the e n g i n e e r i n g m a t e r i a l s cable to light m e t a l alloys such as A1-Mg. L e s s is well known. Even i n l e s s c o m m o n a p p l i c a t i o n s f a v o r e d a r e the i n d i r e c t t e c h n i q u e s like k i n e t i c s of like thin f i l m c o n d u c t o r s of only ~10 -7 cm 2 c r o s s g r a i n growth, X - r a y lattice p a r a m e t e r m e a s u r e m e n t , s e c t i o n a l a r e a used in the m o d e r n m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c the GB i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n and the GB e n e r g y m e a s u r e d e v i c e s , the G B - s o l u t e i n t e r a c t i o n s play an i m p o r t a n t m e n t s . The i n d i r e c t t e c h n i q u e s typically yield i n f o r r o l e . Notably. the solution of the e l e c t r o m i g r a t i o n m a t i o n on the GB s o l u t e - i n t e r a c t i o n e n e r g y r a t h e r than the level of the solute and m a y have only l i m i t e d induced f a i l u r e s at t e m p e r a t u r e s a r o u n d 200~ in these t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e o v e r which s t u d i e s can be made. In device m e t a l l u r g i e s was a c h i e v e d by the addition of p a r t i c u l a r , the e n e r g y m e a s u r e m e n t s of the GBs a r e s o l u t e s which s e g r e g a t e d at the GBs and r e d u c e d the GB m a s s t r a n s p o r t . 1'2 Thus the G B - s e g r e g a t i o n g e n e r a l l y not a p p l i c a b l e to dilute a l l o y s as they a r e f e a s i b l e only at high t e m p e r a t u r e s where the solute s t u d i e s have b e e n of wide i n t e r e s t to the m a t e r i a l s s c i e n t i s t s although the m o t i v a t i o n s may have b e e n effect at the GBs may be lost owing to d i s p e r s i o n varied. into the m a t r i x . F o r s y s t e m s which cannot be o t h e r The GB s e g r e g a t i o n p h e n o m e n o n has b e e n r e c e n t l y wise studied, it is thus obvious that new t e c h n i q u e s r e v i e w e d by Hondros, 3 whose a r t i c l e p r o v i d e s a b a s i s for obtaining q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n on the GB solute for a p p r e c i a t
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