Influence of Vertical Electromagnetic Brake on the Steel/Slag Interface Behavior in a Slab Mold
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THE application of electromagnetic brake (EMBr) in the continuous casting process is an effective way to add uniformity to the velocity field of molten steel and the temperature field. This technique can also reduce the risk of nonmetallic inclusions through control of the turbulent flow of the molten metal. The basic principle of EMBr can be understood as follows. An induced current j is generated while an electric conductive fluid flow passes through a magnetic field B: j ¼ rðE þ u BÞ;
½1
where r, E, and u are the electric conductivity, the external electric field strength, and the velocity of the
ZHUANG LI is with the Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China and also with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University. ENGANG WANG, YU XU, and ANYUAN DENG are with the Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University and also with the School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University. Contact email: [email protected] LINTAO ZHANG is with the Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University and also with the Advanced Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies (ASTUTE2020) Project, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK. Manuscript submitted November 27, 2016.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
fluid flow, respectively. With an interaction of j and B, the Lorentz force Fm is generated: Fm ¼ j B:
½2
The Lorentz force has an opposite direction to u; therefore, the fluid flow velocity is slowed, which is referred to as a ‘‘brake’’ effect. Historically, three types of EMBr system, due to the different magnet assembly methods, were widely discussed, namely, the original local-type EMBr, the conventional EMBr Ruler, and the flow control mold (FC mold). The original local-type EMBr was developed by ABB and Kawasaki in the 1980s,[4] and it has a feature that two separate magnets are placed beside the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) with the aim of reducing the molten metal jet velocity and dispersing the jet. For the EMBr Ruler type, one pair of horizontal magnetic poles covers the entire strand width. For better control of the flow behavior in the continuous casting mold, the FC mold was then proposed,[5] which adopts two pairs of horizontal magnetic poles to cover the entire strand width on the meniscus of the mold and below the SEN. The fluid mechanics of the electrical conductive fluid flow under a magnetic field, generated by a direct current (DC), were widely discussed[6–8] in previous years. For EMBr, quite a few researchers focused on the influence of the EMBr on the casting speed, which is highly related to the production rate and the product quality. Sorimachi and Hasunuma’s work[9] indicated that EMBr can increase the casting speed (up to 2.5 m min1) for a given slab continuous casting mold. Similar results were obtained from the work o
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