Information leakage in protection of quantum dialogue affected by quantum field
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Information leakage in protection of quantum dialogue affected by quantum field Gan Gao1,2 Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 31 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recently, Huang et al. (Quantum Inf Process 18:37, 2019) proposed a quantum dialogue protocol by using three-qubit GHZ states. We study the security of the proposed protocol and find that it is not secure and has the drawback of information leakage. Finally, we modify only the tenth step in the proposed protocol, so that it can overcome the drawback. Keywords Information leakage · Quantum dialogue · GHZ state
1 Introduction It is well known that cryptography is an approach to assure the secrecy of the data stored or communicated in public environment and can be classified into classical cryptography and quantum cryptography. The former provides a means of sending a message by the computational complexity of mathematical problems. Clearly, its security is conditional and it might be broken by the strong power of advanced algorithms. The latter does that by the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics so that its security is unconditional. Quantum key distribution (QKD) [1–13] is one of the branches of quantum cryptography and also the maturest. Its task is that two communication parties first generate a shared secret key by quantum states and then apply this key to encrypt and decrypt the secret messages. In 1984, Bennett and Brassard [1] introduced the first QKD protocol with nonorthogonal single polarization states, commonly called BB84 protocol. Since then, all kinds of QKD protocols are put forward. For example, in 2004, Deng and Long [2] proposed a two-step QKD protocol using practical faint laser pulses. In 2007, Boyer et al. [4] proposed a QKD protocol
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Gan Gao [email protected]
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Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongling University, Tongling 244061, China
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Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic Technology Appliance, Tongling University, Tongling 244061, China 0123456789().: V,-vol
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in which one party has the quantum devices and the other doesn’t. In 2010, Zhou et al. [8] proposed two QKD protocols based on the authenticated entanglement channel. In 2014, Gong et al. [10] proposed a continuous variable QKD protocols based on two-mode squeezed states. In 2019, Cui et al. [12] proposed a high-dimensional measurement device-independent QKD protocol with qudits hyper-encoded in spatial mode and polarization degree of freedom, and so on. Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) [14–37] is another important branch of quantum cryptography. Different from QKD, it is to directly transmit secret messages without first generating a key to encrypt them. In 2002, Long and Liu [14] proposed the first QSDC protocol using the concept of quantum data block. In 2006, Wang et al. [19] proposed a QSDC protocol using ensembles with the same density matrix. In 2007, Li et al. [20] proposed a QSDC protocol with quantum encryption based on pure entangled stat
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