Informational Society An economic theory of discovery, invention and
Society continually promotes and adjusts to technological change. While mainstream economic thought assumes tastes and technology as given, it has had little to say about how society has promoted and adjusted to technological change. The book presents a u
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Informational Society An economic theory of discovery, invention and innovation
Alfred Lorn N o r m a n
,d
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS B oston/Dord recht/London
Distributors for North America: Kluwer Academic Publishers 101 Philip Drive Assinippi Park Norwell, Massachusetts 02061 USA
Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Centre Post Office Box 322 3300 All Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS
Library of Congress Cataloging.in-Publication Data Norman, A. L (Alfred L) Informational society : an economic theory of discovery, invention, and innovation / Alfred Lorn Norman. p.
cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7923-9303-1 (alk. paper) 1. Information technology--Economieaspects. 2. Information technology--Soclal aspects. 3. Communication--Social aspects. 4. Technology and civilization. I. Title. HC79.155N67 1993 303.48'33--dc20 92-34667 CIP
Copyright © 1993 by Kluwer Academic Publishers. Third Printing, 1996. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form orby any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, Massachusetts 02061. Printed on acid-free paper.
Printed in the United States of Amerlca
Contents Preface
ix
Discovery, I n v e n t i o n and Innovation
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discovery, Invention, a n d I n n o v a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . I n t e r a c t i o n s and K n o w l e d g e A c c u m u l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . I m p r o v i n g P e r f o r m a n c e : Discovery a n d Invention . . . . . B o u n d e d R a t i o n a l Model of I n n o v a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . Improving Performance: Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . C o m m e n s u r a t e R a t e of I n n o v a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . Book O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d Main T h e m e s . . . . . . . . . . . Notes a n d References 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
•
1 3 6 9 13 19 24 26 28
The Past Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Original Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F i r s t H u n d r e d Years: 1790-1889 . . . . . . . ; ....... Second H u n d r e d Years: 1890-1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . A c c e l e r a t i o n of Discovery, Invention and I n n o v a t i o n . . . . E v a l u a t i o n of Discovery, Invention a n d I n n o v a t i o n . . . .
33
A n a l y s i s of g o v e r n m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proposed Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes a n d References 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66 74 76
Microbinics Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Binary Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n t e g r a t e d Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communication . . . . . . . . . . .
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