Initial Treatment Choice in Depression
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Pharmacoeconomics 2000 Apr; 17 (4): 371-382 1170-7690/00/0004-0371/$20.00/0 © Adis International Limited. All rights reserved.
Initial Treatment Choice in Depression Impact on Medical Expenditures Eric T. Edgell,1 Timothy R. Hylan,2 JoLaine R. Draugalis3 and Stephen Joel Coons3 1 Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2 Pfizer Inc., New York, New York, USA 3 College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the economic outcomes associated with initial treatment choice following a diagnosis of depression. Methods: Insurance claims data were used to classify patients into one of 4 treatment cohorts: no therapy, psychotherapy, drug therapy and combination therapy. Potential sample selection bias was accounted for by using a 2-stage econometric estimation procedure where initial treatment choice was estimated using a multinomial logistic regression model in the first stage, and total and mental healthcare costs were estimated in ordinary least squares regression models in the second stage. Log predicted costs from the second stage were compared to determine the relative costs associated with each cohort. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.008) in total costs were found between the combination therapy (log predicted cost = 9.526) and psychotherapy cohorts (log predicted cost = 8.120) in the analysis that included all observations (n = 9110). In the analysis that included patients who initiated therapy with a non-mental health provider (n = 2673), the drug therapy cohort (log predicted cost = 8.238) was found to be significantly more costly as compared to the no therapy cohort (log predicted cost = 7.788). Conclusions: These results indicate that after controlling for both observed and unobserved factors, total healthcare costs may be higher in patients who initiate therapy with drug therapy and combination therapy as opposed to no therapy or psychotherapy. In addition, the finding that patients initially receiving psychotherapy alone tend to have higher mental healthcare costs but lower total healthcare costs than other patients may indicate that psychotherapy has an impact on comorbid illness and may subsequently reduce total healthcare costs.
Depressive disorders are among the most common health problems in the US today. Serious or major depression has been estimated to affect more than 10 million people in the US at any one point in time.[1] The lifetime prevalence rate for a major depressive episode is over 17%,[2] and evidence exists that the prevalence of depression is increasing.[3,4] Depression is a far-reaching disease that has a significant impact upon morbidity as well as
mortality. Stoudemire et al.[5] asserted that 60% or more of people who commit suicide have clinically significant depression as the primary psychiatric disorder. This translates to more than 16 000 deaths per year. Not surprisingly, depressive illness places an enormous economic burden on health services, the community and the individual pa
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