Innate immune response in systemic autoimmune diseases: a potential target of therapy
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Inflammopharmacology
REVIEW
Innate immune response in systemic autoimmune diseases: a potential target of therapy Alireza Hejrati1 · Alireza Rafiei2 · Mohsen Soltanshahi2,3 · Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh2,3 · Mina Dabiri2,3 · Mahdi Taghadosi4 · Saeid Taghiloo2,3 · Davood Bashash5 · Fatemeh Khorshidi6 · Parisa Zafari2,3 Received: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Innate immunity refers to defense mechanisms that are always present, ready to combat microbes and other offending agents. Innate immunity acts as a first-line defense and activates the conventional immune responses; however, it has been speculated that the importance of innate immunity in initiation and development of some disorders is more than just the “first line of defense”. Autoimmune diseases, caused by immune system overactivation, are among the most challenging scientific and clinical problems, and there is still much to be learned about their pathogenesis. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of available documents about the role of innate immunity in systemic autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, polymyositis, and systemic sclerosis. This study highlights the innate immunity pathways or molecules that are under investigation for therapy of these diseases. Keywords Autoimmunity · Innate immunity · Lupus · Polymyositis · Rheumatoid arthritis
Introduction Immunity is a complicated concept that can be divided into two primary arms: the innate and adaptive systems. Innate immunity as the first-line defense against pathogens consists of physical barriers, soluble factors, and cells. Adaptive immunity is made up of a vast array of special cells called B and T lymphocytes (Frizinsky et al. 2019; Watts et al. 2017). * Parisa Zafari [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Internal Medicine, Hazrat-E-Rasool General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
3
Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
4
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
5
Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
The breakdown of self-tolerance as the hallmark of autoimmunity is based on adaptive immunity, but innate immunity also has unique characteristics, which make it a central driver in some critical immune responses (Zouali and La Cava 2019). Autoimmunity is a consequence of the failure of self-tolerance and immune reaction against an autoantigen, which is classified as systemic or organ specific (Pozsgay et al. 2017). Systemic autoimmune diseases are a wide array of disorders including rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
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