Innate immune responses in RNA viral infection
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REVIEW
Innate immune responses in RNA viral infection Qian Xu1,2, Yuting Tang1, Gang Huang (
✉)1
1
Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; 2Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
© The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access at link.springer.com and journal.hep.com.cn 2020
Abstract RNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases, including several pandemic events in the past century. Upon viral invasion, the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system. In the innate immune system, the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities. In this review, the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized. Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection, the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed. This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections. Keywords
innate immune; viral infection; intercellular signaling; metabolic changes; epigenetic changes
Introduction An RNA virus is a virus that uses RNA as its genetic material; it could be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) [1]. Retroviruses are not generally considered RNA viruses because they use DNA intermediates to replicate. However, they have a singlestranded RNA genome. Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include coronavirus disease 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Ebola virus disease, common cold, influenza, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, rabies, polio, and measles. RNA viruses generally have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses due to the lack of proofreading ability of the RNA polymerases in contrast to DNA polymerases, hindering the development of optimal vaccines to prevent the diseases caused by RNA viruses. Upon viral infection, the innate immune system acts as the first line to prevent the spread of the invading pathogens and plays a crucial role in triggering the adaptive immunity. The innate immune cells could recognize the conserved features discriminately expressed
Received August 2, 2019; accepted March 14, 2020 Correspondence: Gang Huang, [email protected]
by the virus but not on the host cells as pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Through int
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