Innate-like Lymphocytes and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Asthma
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Innate-like Lymphocytes and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Asthma Chao Huang 1 & Fengqi Li 2 & Jian Wang 3
&
Zhigang Tian 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease, highly associated with immune disorders. The typical symptoms of asthma include airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway remodeling, mucus overproduction, and airflow limitation. The etiology of asthma is multifactorial and affected by genetic and environmental factors. Increasing trends toward dysbiosis, smoking, stress, air pollution, and a western lifestyle may account for the increasing incidence of asthma. Based on the presence or absence of eosinophilic inflammation, asthma is mainly divided into T helper 2 (Th2) and non-Th2 asthma. Th2 asthma is mediated by allergen-specific Th2 cells, and eosinophils activated by Th2 cells via the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Different from Th2 asthma, non-Th2 asthma shows little eosinophilic inflammation, resists to corticosteroid treatment, and occurs mainly in severe asthmatic patients. Previous studies of asthma primarily focused on the function of Th2 cells, but, with the discovery of non-Th2 asthma and the involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the pathogenesis of asthma, tissue-resident innate immune cells in the lung have become the focus of attention in asthma research. Currently, innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs) and ILCs as important components of the innate immune system in mucosal tissues are reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of or protection against both Th2 and non-Th2 asthma. These findings of the functions of different subsets of ILLs and ILCs may provide clues for the treatment of asthma. Keywords Th2 asthma . Non-Th2 asthma . Innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs) . Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) . Pathogenesis . Protection
Introduction Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system. Patients with asthma may experience repeated bouts of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and even risk of death [1]. Together with the high treatment cost, asthma poses a serious burden on individual, family, and society. Over the past few decades, asthma has become increasingly prevalent and now affects about 300 million people worldwide [2]. The current understanding of the pathogenesis of asthma is * Jian Wang [email protected] * Zhigang Tian [email protected] 1
Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
2
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
3
Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zürich, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
still limited; however, it is widely accepted that the disease is heterogeneous and highly associated with immune disorders [3]. Several components of the innate and adaptive system have been reported to contribute to or protect against different types of asthma. Recently, innate lymphocytes have attracted e
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