In(OH) 3 and In 2 O 3 nanorice and microflowers: morphology transformation and optical properties
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RESEARCH PAPER
In(OH)3 and In2O3 nanorice and microflowers: morphology transformation and optical properties Weian Ren • Ying Liu • Zongwei Mei Xiaogang Wen • Suhua Wang
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Received: 9 November 2012 / Accepted: 18 January 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract In this work, In(OH)3 and In2O3 nanostructures with controllable complex morphologies were successfully synthesized through a simple hydrothermal process followed by annealing. The In(OH)3 nanostructures were synthesized using urea as the alkaline source at a relatively low temperature without any templates or surfactants. The morphology transformation of In(OH)3 from nanorice to microflowers was observed. The In(OH)3 nanorice are 180 nm in diameter and 550 nm in length, the microflowers are about 3 lm in diameter and composed of thin nanoflakes with 4-nm thickness. In2O3 with similar morphology was formed by annealing In(OH)3 precursors. The nanostructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results suggest that a new nucleation-growthetching-regrowth mechanism can explain the W. Ren Y. Liu Z. Mei X. Wen (&) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Z. Mei Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan S. Wang Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1130, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People’s Republic of China
morphology transformation from nanorice to flowerlike frameworks. Raman spectrum and photoluminescence (PL) properties of In2O3 were also measured, and a 3-nm blue-shift of PL spectrum was observed due to the thinness of the nanostructures. Keywords Indium hydroxide Indium oxide Nanomaterials Growth mechanism Photoluminescense properties
Introduction In(OH)3 and In2O3 nanostructures have unique properties. As a result, these nanostructures have drawn considerable attention. In(OH)3 is a wide gap semiconductor with a bandgap of 5.1 eV and exhibits special semiconducting and optical properties (PerezMaqueda et al. 1998). The conductivity of In(OH)3 films can be controlled from 10-7 to 10-3 S/cm2 depending on synthetic conditions (Avivi et al. 2000). In2O3 is a transparent semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 3.6 eV, which can be used as gas detectors for NO2, NH3, and methane (Waitz et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2004; Li et al. 2003a, b), biosensors (Li et al. 2005; Curreli et al. 2005), nonlinear optics (Kityk et al. 2006), and field-effect transistors (Li et al. 2004; Lei et al. 2004; Nguyen et al. 2004), etc. The properties, applications, and performance of In2O3 nanostructures strongly depend on their specific morphologies and
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sizes. The ability to control the shape, size, dimensionality, and crystal structures of the nanostructures opens up new opportunities for tailoring the properties of nanomaterials (Wang 2000; Zheng et al.
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