Insect Eradication and Containment of Invasive Alien Species
Insect eradication programmes are nearly always targeted at recently arrived invasive species with significant pest potential. The programmes attempt to contain a pest to a defined area and then completely eliminate the pest from that area. From a Federal
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Insect Eradication and Containment of Invasive Alien Species Ken Bloem, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Vic Mastro, Gregory S. Simmons, John Sivinski, and David M. Suckling
14.1
Introduction to Insect Eradication
This chapter provides a brief introduction into the tactics and strategies necessary to achieve eradication of invasive pest insect populations and the requirements needed to mount an effective eradication programme. This chapter also considers pest containment as a component of eradication and as an explicit goal. These response programmes are used mainly against specific organisms that warrant an attempt to mitigate the high management, environmental, or direct impact costs if those pest organisms were allowed to establish and spread. Eradication differs from other management tactics in that the goal is finite. For some pest introductions, the goal from the initiation of any management action has been eradication. In other programmes, where the goal was initially to contain damage or limit pest spread, improvements in management tactics have made it possible to change to an
K. Bloem (*) USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Raleigh, NC, USA e-mail: [email protected] E.G. Brockerhoff Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Christchurch, New Zealand V. Mastro USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA G.S. Simmons USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Salinas, CA, USA J. Sivinski USDA-ARS-Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA D.M. Suckling New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand G. Gordh and S. McKirdy (eds.), The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_14, © Crown 2014
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eradication goal. The question then becomes, “Why proceed with eradication or official control?” The main reasons are to maintain or gain market access, or lower the costs of production; other reasons include human health and welfare or environmental impacts. Eradication programmes have been organized against pest insects (Walters et al. 2008), plant pathogens (Sosnowski et al. 2009), weeds (Panetta and Lawes 2005) and mollusks (Kean et al. 2009; Barker 2002). This chapter’s scope is limited to insect pests. The insect Orders that have been successfully targeted by eradication programmes are Diptera > Lepidoptera > Coleoptera > Hymenoptera. Much less frequently, successful eradications have targeted Hemiptera and Isoptera (Kean et al. 2009). Here, the context is not pest management, although many tactics developed during an eradication programme could be suitable for pest management. More than 800 eradication programmes have been initiated to date (Kean et al. 2009), and the frequency of initiation is increasing exponentially over time. This increase in eradication programmes can be attributed to the increased movement and establishment of organisms in new places due to increased trade and travel (Sect. 1.2). The global philosophy behind “biosecurity at the speed of commerce”, or wit
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