Inspection (Precision Engineering and Metrology)
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Inspection (Precision Engineering and Metrology) Guido Tosello Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Definition In the field of precision engineering and metrology, inspection can be defined as the set of hardware, software, procedures, and activities that can provide measurements of geometric characteristics of physical manufactured products. Such geometric characteristics can refer to absolute dimensions (e.g., diameter) and form (e.g., free-form surfaces), to tolerances of dimensions and form (e.g., flatness), as well as surface parameters (e.g., average surface Roughness).
Theory and Application The main goal of inspection is to ensure the functionality of workpieces, products, and testing devices and thus ensuring economical value of products. As such, the main objective of inspection in the field of precision engineering and metrology is to quantify the dimensional characteristics of components by means of measurements and to compare the results of those
measurements with the product specifications (ISO 8015 2011). Inspection is today very closely connected into the manufacturing process as a whole, including small/medium/large fabrication series, prototyping, research and development, as well as in standardization, accreditation of calibration laboratories, and for trade purposes. The task of inspection is the detection of quality features of a measured object. A measurement object can be a manufactured workpiece, a standalone product, a component of a more complex assembly, an interchangeable part such as a tool, a complete system such as a machine, or a measuring device. The term inspection is closely related with the concept of the testing of products. As a matter of fact, inspection represents the assessment of whether a characteristic of an object corresponds with the required specifications. The testing can be conducted by applying direct measurements or comparative assessment using calibrated artifacts or gages. The inspection is executed by means of measurements. The measurable quality features of a product are of different kinds such as material characteristics, geometry, and function of a product. In particular, the inspection of geometrical characteristics is the most frequently used procedure in the inspection of manufacturing system and products and covers the large majority of the test and measurement tasks.
# CIRP 2016 The International Academy for Production Engineering et al. (eds.), CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_6585-3
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Typical inspection tasks of important workpiece characteristics for the functionality of a product are: • Form measurements (e.g., squareness, flatness, etc.) (ISO 1101 2014) • Distance measurements (e.g., hole depth, groove width, etc.) • Orientation measurements (e.g., parallelism, perpendicularity, etc.) (ISO 1101 2014) • Surface properties (e.g., root mean square roughness, bearing curve parameters, etc.) (ISO 4287 1997) An inspection system is composed by a number of e
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