Insulin Recommender Systems for T1DM: A Review
In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) pancreas beta-cells do not segregate insulin. This hormone is necessary to convert glucose into energy. Thus, people with diabetes are required to maintain blood glucose (BG) levels within a safe range using external con
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Insulin Recommender Systems for T1DM: A Review Joaquim Massana, Ferran Torrent-Fontbona, and Beatriz López Abstract
In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) pancreas beta-cells do not segregate insulin. This hormone is necessary to convert glucose into energy. Thus, people with diabetes are required to maintain blood glucose (BG) levels within a safe range using external control solutions. Insulin recommender systems (IRS’s) provide the precise amount of insulin to the patient when needed, reducing the effects of the disease. The goal of this paper is to review and summarize all current proposals of IRS’s and, with this purpose, 70 papers have been analysed. The analysis of the works was performed taking the following aspects into account: (i) technology of the recommendation process, (ii) control procedures, (iii) complementary processes, (iv) hardware, testing and assessment, (v) pricing and (vi) results. Those are our main conclusions after the review: There is a lack of published research works providing real experimentation together with simulation processes. Information about the IRS’s features is also lacking in a remarkable percentage of the publications. Due to the variability in how experiments are performed and results are presented, research work J. Massana (*), F. Torrent-Fontbona, and B. López Polytechnical School, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain e-mail: [email protected]; ferran.torrent@udg. edu; [email protected]
comparisons become difficult. In summary, this topic requires standards to be able to perform comparison analysis of published papers and therefore, progress adequately. Keywords
Bolus calculator · Diabetes · Insulin recommender system · Review · T1DM
Acronyms 1-NN AG AI AL ANN ATSCH AUCk AUCr BB BC BDICH BDIFC BE BG BGL BGLD BI
One nearest neighbour Age Artificial intelligence Alcohol Artificial neural network Actions taken to self-correct for hypoglycaemia Area under curve postprandial Area under curve reference Black box Bolus calculator Bolus doses of insulin used to correct for hyperglycaemia Bolus doses of insulin with food consumption Beverage Blood glucose Blood glucose low Blood glucose low discount Basal insulin
J. Massana et al.
CBR CGM CH Cho CSII CT CVGA DFO DI DT DM ED EK EL ET ETS Ex FE Gmin GN GRC GT HAP HbA1c HBGT HC HD HE HEA HOA HoS HS IA ICR ICRO ID IISVPC IOB IPBIR IR IRS ISF ISP JB K
Case-based reasoning Continuous glucose monitoring Carbohydrates Carbohydrates on board Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion Control trend Control Variability Grid Analysis Distance from onset Digestive illness Diet Diabetes mellitus Exercise duration Expert knowledge Exercise level Exercise type Equivalent Teaspoons Sugar Exercise Fever Postprandial minimum glucose Gender Glucose rate of change Glucose target Happiness Glycated haemoglobin High blood glucose target Hormone cycle Hormonal disorders Height Number of hyperglycaemic episodes
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