Interaction and Energy Level Alignment at Interfaces between Pentacene and Low Work Function Metals
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Interaction and Energy Level Alignment at Interfaces between Pentacene and Low Work Function Metals N. Koch1, J. Ghijsen2, R. Ruiz3, J. Pflaum4, R. L. Johnson5, J.-J. Pireaux2, J. Schwartz6, and A. Kahn1 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, U.S.A. 2 Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires NotreDame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium 3 Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, TN 37235, U.S.A. 4 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany 5 II. Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany 6 Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT A number of low workfunction metals (samarium, alkali metals) were deposited onto vacuum sublimed thin films of pentacene. The change in the valence electronic structure of the organic material was studied by in situ ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Alkali metal intercalation leads to the appearance of a new photoemission feature within the pentacene energy gap, due to a charge transfer from the alkali atoms to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the organic material. The energy spacing between this emission feature and the relaxed highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the pristine molecule is 1 eV. From X-ray photoemission spectroscopy core level analysis, we estimate a concentration ratio of two alkali metal atoms per pentacene molecule at maximum intercalation level, leading to a complete filling of the LUMO. This is consistent with the results from UPS that the new emission is always observed below the Fermi-level. Samarium is found to exhibit a more subtle interaction with pentacene: the molecular orbitals remain almost unperturbed upon Sm deposition. The resulting energy level alignment at this interface seems to be very favorable for the injection of electrons from Sm into pentacene, as the HOMO-onset is found at 1.8 eV below the metal Fermi edge. This value is close to the 2.2 eV HOMO-LUMO gap of pentacene measured by UPS and inverse photoemission spectroscopy, thus corresponding to a small electron injection barrier.
INTRODUCTION Many conjugated organic materials are considered excellent candidates for the application in novel electronic and opto-electronic applications [1-4]. Pentacene in particular has attracted considerable attention since it was shown to exhibit structural and electronic properties that have been successfully used in high performance devices, i.e., field effect transistor and electrically pumped laser [5,6]. The chemical and electrical properties of interfaces of organic compounds determine to a large extent charge carrier injection and device stability, and are thus extremely important for device performance. Yet little information is presently available in literature on pentacene interfaces [7], in particular with metals that could be used for carrier injection. We begin to address this issue by i
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