International Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance (Advanced Gadgets)
Aiming to track every unit of energy injected into the system, power utilities are increasingly being attracted towards reliable and smart technology driven by distribution system tools and tackles [1 ]. These devices came into existence with a promise to
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International Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance (Advanced Gadgets)
6.1
Introduction
Aiming to track every unit of energy injected into the system, power utilities are increasingly being attracted towards reliable and smart technology driven by distribution system tools and tackles [1]. These devices came into existence with a promise to improve reliability of the power system by identifying the difficulties in operation and maintenance in power distribution systems. Using such equipment will improve the power supply quality along with reliability. Hence technical loss will be reduced and the system can be stabilized as a whole. To increase the efficiency of the staff who are already working in DISCOMs improves building operational practices, and reduces utility costs; it is a necessary and emerging trend to create training/awareness programs on best practices in operation and maintenance (O&M) programs. The government of India facilitating these programs with the help of nodal agencies including MoP, PFC, NPTI, and IITs, empaneled power training institutes (PTI) and resource institutes (RI) for the development of material and the like. Power utilities worldwide have adopted the use of new techniques in tools and equipment for precise measurement of required parameters and timely saving of manpower. Failure of equipment such as transformers and circuit breakers incurs considerable cost and to avoid such failure the latest technology is incorporated in tools and equipment. The implementation of best practice in an O&M program can reduce energy usage by 5–20% without any substantial capital investment.
6.2
Reclosures/Auto Reclosures
In a transmission overhead line 80–90% of the faults are transient in nature; they most commonly occur in overhead lines due to lightning or temporary contact with a foreign object. Normally the distribution feeders are radial feeders protected by © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 J. Raja et al., Practices in Power System Management in India, Power Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2972-1_6
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timelag over current relays with instantaneous and delayed tripping functions. The circuit breaker is equipped with a switch mechanism that can automatically close the breaker after the occurrence of a fault and is called a recloser or auto closer. It is located on the distribution feeder network (as shown in Fig. 6.1) to detect and interrupt transient/momentary faults. These reclosures of suitable size (i.e., load current and fault current) operate instantaneously to clear the fault followed by one or two reclosing shots with predetermined delays. In the case of a permanent fault, the reclosure remains tripped off until manually commanded. The result is increased availability of supply. It has faster single- phase reclosing and automated loop capabilities and is mainly used in radial feeders. The reclosing structure depends upon the dead time, reclaim time, and number of shots. The dead time setti
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