International Competitiveness of Countries with Unbalanced Innovation Systems
Unbalanced innovation systems are considered to be poorly developed. They can be found in as many as 19 global economy states. They are characterized by gross disparities in terms of the indexes that reflect both innovative capacity and position. Moreover
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International Competitiveness of Countries with Unbalanced Innovation Systems Krzysztof Falkowski, Günter Heiduk, Agnieszka McCaleb and Beata Michorowska
Unbalanced innovation systems are considered to be poorly developed. They can be found in as many as 19 global economy states. They are characterized by gross disparities in terms of the indexes that reflect both innovative capacity and position. Moreover, in the last decade, one could observe notable fluctuations in the innovation and human capital indexes, as well as the exacerbation of existing dissimilarities. Some states with unbalanced innovative systems, such as China, are heading for gradual elimination of divergence, while other systems—for instance, Russia—are experiencing an escalation of dissimilarities (Weresa 2012). This is the reason why these two countries have been selected to serve as examples of unbalanced innovation systems and undergo in-depth analysis. The third case study discussed in this chapter is the case of Mexico, which stands out from the unbalanced innovative systems thanks to its relatively high outlays on education (Weresa 2012). In this chapter, the development and evolution of competitive advantages of these countries have been evaluated, and the role of human capital and innovativeness in this process has been indicated.
K. Falkowski () · G. Heiduk · A. McCaleb · B. Michorowska World Economy Research Institute, Warsaw School of Economics, Al. Niepodleglosci 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] G. Heiduk e-mail: [email protected] A. McCaleb e-mail: [email protected] B. Michorowska e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Weresa (ed.), Innovation, Human Capital and Trade Competitiveness, Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02072-3_8, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
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8.1 Case Study: Russia Krzysztof Falkowski At the turn of the twenty-first century, Russia was struggling with serious consequences of the 1998 financial crisis. The economic policy launched at the time— aimed mainly at stabilizing the macroeconomic situation—as well as the favorable developments in global economy—especially changes in prices on international energy resources markets—spurred dynamic economic growth in Russia in a relatively short period of time. In the context of the economic growth that has been visible in Russia for some time now (apart from the 2008 crisis), one might ask how competitive Russia is on an international scale, and what the sources of its competitiveness are, whereby it would be worth discussing the role of innovations and human capital. These issues are the object of the analysis conducted in this section.
8.1.1 Russia’s Competitiveness in Foreign Trade in the Years 1996–2010 In the years 1996–2010, Russian foreign trade was generally displaying an upward trend, except for two periods, i.e., 1998–1999 and 2009. Declines in these years resulted from the 1998 crisis and the global 2008 crisis. Moreover, the drop in the prices
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