Intestinal Nematode Infection Affects Metastasis of EL4 Lymphoma Cells
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(2020) 68:30
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Intestinal Nematode Infection Affects Metastasis of EL4 Lymphoma Cells Katarzyna Donskow‑Łysoniewska1 · Katarzyna Krawczak1 · Maja Machcińska1 · Klaudia Brodaczewska2 Received: 4 December 2019 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract An effective host immune system prevents the growth of most cancer cells. However, as intestinal nematodes are able to induce both immunotolerance and immunosuppression in the host, it is possible that their presence could allow co-occurring cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize. Our findings indicate that previous, subsequent or concurrent intestinal nematode infection affects the formation of lung metastatic nodules in mice experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. In addition, pre-infection with nematodes renders mice resistant to metastasis development in lungs, with the inoculated EL4 cancer cells being located mainly in mesenteric lymph nodes. The present paper discusses the nematode-induced mechanisms which may influence the metastatic process. Keywords Immunomodulation · Intestinal nematodes · Tumour · Metastasis
Introduction Parasite infections induce a wide range of adaptive changes in the host, ranging from changes in the immune system, through physiological changes, to behavioural changes (Wraith 2017). In addition, factors produced and released by the parasite are known to induce immunoregulatory mechanisms that can inhibit the inflammatory reaction (Maizels et al. 2004). Such immunosuppression and immunotolerance probably arose during the course of host-parasite coevolution with the aim of protecting both the host and the parasite against the effects of excessive inflammatory reactions; during this time, the immunogenicity of many parasitic antigens has tended to decrease, while the parasitic mechanisms regulating the host immune response have evolved and become stronger (Garside et al. 2000). Consequently, many studies in recent years have proposed the use of helminth therapy and helminth-derived product therapy based on helminths such as Trichuris trichiura and Necator americanus as potential * Katarzyna Donskow‑Łysoniewska [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
2
treatment for autoimmune diseases. However, nematode colonization can be potentially life threatening in more susceptible patients, such as those with compromised or suppressed immune systems (Correale 2014). To survive for a long time in an adverse and aggressive environment, invading nematodes secrete a range of soluble factors that may modify host-cell homeostasis by interacting with host cells (Donskow et al. 2011; DonskowŁysoniewska et al. 2013; Packham and Stevenson 2004). In addition, both parasites and tumours provoke an immune response and promote persistent growth in surrounding and peripheral tissue,
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