Introduced predator elicits population-specific responses from prey
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Introduced predator elicits population-specific responses from prey Alexandra P. Hooks
. Dianna K. Padilla
Received: 3 March 2020 / Accepted: 26 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Predator induced responses by prey can reduce risk, however, newly introduced predators may not elicit the same predator responses, thus making prey more vulnerable to these new predators. Therefore, examining responses of different prey populations of the same species to a non-native predator may provide novel insights for the evolution of predator recognition. Here, we tested the response of three populations of a low-dispersing marine gastropod (Littorina saxatilis) to chemical cues from a native crab predator (Dyspanopeus sayi) and a newly introduced crab predator (Hemigrapsus sanguineus). Using geometric morphometrics to study shell shape changes, we found that snails from all populations responded similarly to the native predator but differed in their response to the non-native predator. Snails from two of the three populations elicited no response to H. sanguineus, while the other population produced
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02376-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. P. Hooks (&) Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. P. Hooks D. K. Padilla Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA e-mail: [email protected]
a more rotund shell, similar to their response to the native predator. Shell shape response in snails exposed to the native predator was different from those fed a reduced diet, suggesting that these anti-predator responses are active changes to shell morphology and not a by-product of reduced feeding in the presence of predators as suggested by other studies. Lastly, there were innate population shell shape differences, suggesting possible distinct ecotypes for Littorina saxatilis in North America as seen in European populations. Overall, populations differed in their response to an invasive predator indicating that evolution of predator recognition can differ between populations of the same species with similar coexistent history with the invader. Keywords Littorina saxatilis Dyspanopeus sayi Hemigrapsus sanguineus Geometric morphometrics Inducible defense
Introduction Invasive predators can have major impacts on naı¨ve communities including consequences of interacting with naı¨ve prey species (e.g., Cox and Lima 2006; Sih et al. 2010). While prey species have evolved antipredator defenses for their native predators, these defenses may not be induced in the presence of newly-
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introduced predators (e.g., Archer and Crowl 2014; Freeman and Byers 2006). If prey do respond to these new predators, responses may not be in the same direction or strength as thei
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