Introducing a low-cost tool for 3D characterization of pitting corrosion in stainless steel
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Introducing a low-cost tool for 3D characterization of pitting corrosion in stainless steel Dyovani Coelho 1 & Oscar A. Cuadros Linares 2 & Aloadir L. S. Oliveira 1 & Marcos A. S. Andrade Jr 1 & Lucia H. Mascaro 1 & João E. S. Batista Neto 2 & Odemir M. Bruno 2 & Ernesto C. Pereira 1 Received: 28 November 2019 / Revised: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 30 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Herein, we propose an approach to three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of corroded samples to have access to information about the shape, diameter, volume, depth, and spatial distribution of pits. For this purpose, a 304 stainless steel sample, after exposure to controlled corrosion conditions, was submitted to a sequence of polishing, surface image acquisition, and sample thickness measurement. This allows the 3D reconstruction of the sample using computational tomography. The analyses of the two-dimensional and the reconstructed three-dimensional images made it possible to evaluate all the geometric parameters of the pits as well as to compare these data with the electrochemical measurements recorded during the corrosion process. Keywords Pitting corrosion . 3D reconstruction . Three-dimensional corrosion analysis . Stainless steel
Introduction Metallic corrosion has a significant impact on society. The loss of lives, negative social impact, and environmental pollution are issues commonly related to accidents resulting from the corrosion of different types of structures. In the world economy, estimates indicate that the cost generated by corrosion is about US$ 2.5 trillion, of which up to 35% could be saved using adequate corrosion control practices [1]. However, the correct choice of the control method is tied to the knowledge of the corrosion mechanism. In this aspect, pitting corrosion on stainless surfaces is extremely worrying, since it is hard to detect, predict, avoid, or even minimize. Pits are formed where a rupture of the passive layer occurs [2–6], such as in inclusions [7–9], intergranular defects [10], or regions with damage in the protective layer [11–14]. In stainless Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04586-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ernesto C. Pereira [email protected] 1
Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
2
Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trab. São-Carlense, 400 - Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
steel and other alloys with a resistant passive film, pits can have several shapes and may be partially covered by insoluble oxides produced during the corrosion process [15, 16]. Figure 1 shows different types of pit shapes. It can be seen that in some of them, such as subsurface, lacy cover, undercutting, and horizontal grain attack, the width at the pit mouth is much smaller than inside it. Consequently, from the data interpretation of comm
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