Introduction

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Introduction Guest Editors: Dean Delongchamp National Institute of Standards and Technology, MD, USA

Chris Nicklin Diamond Light Source, United Kingdom

Moritz Riede University of Oxford, United Kingdom

Emerging solar cell technologies, in particular those based on organic molecules and polymers and inorganic-organic perovskites semiconductors, have begun to demonstrate their potential for inexpensive solar energy on a terawatt scale. The common characteristics of these technologies include: an ability to tailor the properties of the constituent materials (e.g., chemical composition, size, packing motifs); active layers that are thin (on the order of 100s of nanometers) and processed from inexpensive and highly scalable technologies using earth abundant raw materials; and complete solar cells that can be made pliable due to low production temperatures that allow fabrication on ﬂexible plastic substrates. In each of these technologies, the microstructure of the photovoltaic active thin ﬁlm plays a crucial role in performance of the solar cell, affecting everything from light absorption to charge carrier extraction. Increasing the power conversion efﬁciency and device lifetimes of these materials requires exercising nanoscale control over thin ﬁlm microstructure and device interfaces across large areas. Each of these systems presents unique challenges to their full morphological and microstructural characterization, with issues ranging from poor scattering contrast between layers (organics) to overlapping diffraction features (perovskites). Advances in X-ray and neutron scattering methods have enabled many breakthroughs in understanding the relationship between thin ﬁlm microstructure and device-level properties in these emerging energy materials, ﬁndings which have helped to improve photovoltaic performance over the last decade. Increased access to synchrotron and neutron sources, coupled with the development of new instrumentation and techniques that merge scattering and spectroscopic information, are providing exciting opportunities to probe the microstructural evolution of these materials from fabrication to fully operational devices subject to real-world environments. This is the ﬁrst Focus Issue of the Journal of Materials Research on Microstructural Characterization for Emerging Photovoltaic Materials. The issue includes a wide range of techniques that can be used to determine different microstructural information such as layer thickness, chemical DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.201

nature, roughness and segregation, domain size, strain, the morphology of individual nanoparticles and the longer range structure amongst many others, and the application of these techniques to various material systems highlights the relevance of understanding and controlling the microstructure in these emerging solar cell materials. More and more publications in emerging photovoltaic materials include some extent of microstructure measurements for assessing materials and device performance, highlighting the timeliness of this Focus Issue

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