Introduction to Amorphous Alloys and Metallic Glasses
The development of amorphous alloys and metallic glasses is briefly overviewed, and their structure, glass-forming ability (GFA), and physical, chemical, mechanical and magnetic properties are introduced. In particular, the history of the development of a
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Introduction to Amorphous Alloys and Metallic Glasses Shin-ichi Yamaura, Wei Zhang and Akihisa Inoue
Abstract The development of amorphous alloys and metallic glasses is briefly overviewed, and their structure, glass-forming ability (GFA), and physical, chemical, mechanical and magnetic properties are introduced. In particular, the history of the development of amorphous alloys and metallic glasses and the difference between amorphous alloys and metallic glasses are summarized in this chapter. Keywords Metallic glass
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Amorphous alloy Glass transition Rapid quench
History of the Development of Noncrystalline Alloys—From Amorphous Alloys to Metallic Glasses
Metallic materials are fundamental elements essential for our society and the importance of such metallic materials must remain constant from the past to the future. All the basic metallic materials that have been in use since ancient times are crystalline alloys in an equilibrium state with a regular atomic arrangement of the crystal lattices. This is because metallic atoms can easily move in the molten S. Yamaura (&) W. Zhang A. Inoue Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Present Address: S. Yamaura The Polytechnic University of Japan, 2-32-2 Ogawanishi-machi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0035, Japan Present Address: S. Yamaura W. Zhang Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road Ganjingzi, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China Present Address: A. Inoue Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 Y. Setsuhara et al. (eds.), Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7611-5_1
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alloy, leading to easy phase transformation from liquid to solid phase with rearrangement of atoms just below the melting temperature. It was already known in the 1950s that alloy thin films produced by electrodeposition or vapor deposition on a substrate which was cooled by liquid helium could possess a noncrystalline phase which is called “amorphous” phase [1]. It was subsequently reported by Duwez et al. for the first time in 1960 that the Au–Si amorphous alloy having no crystalline phase in the nonequilibrium state could be produced by using the gun method, which is an early-stage rapid solidification technique from a liquid state with a cooling rate of higher than 106 K/s [2]. After this discovery, many researchers became interested in the formation of amorphous alloys in a nonequilibrium state and conducted basic studies of its physical properties in the 1960s [3–5]. As an outstanding result obtained in the 1960s, it was found that the Au–Ge–Si ternary alloys showed a glass transition (to a supercooled liquid state), indicating the existence of a glassy phase like oxide glass even in metallic amorphous materials [3]. Also, the noble metal-based glassy alloys with a distinct glass transition such as the Pd–Ni–P alloy [4] and
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