Introduction to ocean floor networks and their scientific application
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EDITORIAL
Introduction to ocean floor networks and their scientific application Yoshiyuki Kaneda
Received: 25 July 2014 / Accepted: 5 August 2014 / Published online: 19 August 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
This special issue is focused on ocean floor networks and their applications. Moreover, many papers relate to the applications and analyses of crustal activities and mega thrust earthquakes using real time data from underwater cable systems. In the history of optical ocean floor cable developments, the first commercial cable was deployed in Japan in 1986 (Momma et al. 1997; Ogasawara and Kojima 2007). Since the 1990s, advanced ocean floor cables with optical amplification technologies and multi-wave length transmission systems have developed rapidly. Accordingly, scientific interest in using real time monitoring systems has expanded. In seismology-related fields, real time monitoring is required to detect earthquakes and tsunamis as part of early warning systems (Hayashi 2010; Hoshiba and Ozaki 2012), and monitoring of crustal activity helps to better understand the mechanism of mega-thrust earthquakes (Kaneda et al. 2009a, b). To date, some advanced ocean floor network systems have been developed and deployed off the west coast of Canada/USA, Southwestern Japan and northeastern Taiwan (Chiang et al. 2010). In Japan, DONET (Dense Ocean floor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis) has been developed. DONET1 was deployed around the Tonankai seismogenic zone in the Nankai Trough, while DONET2 is under deployment
Y. Kaneda (&) Disaster Mitigation Research Center Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Y. Kaneda Japan Agency of Marine Science and Technology Center, 2-15 Natsushima-cho Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
around the Nankai seismogenic zone, to the west of DONET1 (Fig. 1). When the Mw 9 Great Earthquake occurred in East Japan on March 11 2011, the importance of real-time monitoring using ocean floor networks was recognized (Ide et al. 2011; Kido et al. 2011; Hoshiba and Ozaki 2012). Previously, tsunami experts had developed Early Warning Systems, but unfortunately they lacked enough offshore real-time monitoring data to adequately assess the magnitude of the threat (Baba et al. 2004; Tsushima et al. 2009). However, Hino and colleagues analyzed the pre-slip conditions of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake using data from pressure gauges near the epicenter (Ohta et al. 2012). The results proved to have important implications for the predictability of mega-thrust earthquakes as in the case of the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone off southwestern Japan. Leblond et al. investigated the feasibility of estimating the volumetric flow rates of gas emissions using seafloor sensors and modeling (Greinert and Nu¨tzel 2004; Ge´li 2008), the results led to the high sensitivities for monitoring gas emission using advanced modeling. Kanazawa and Shinohara (2009) developed a compact ocean bottom cabled seismometer system deployed in the Jap
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