Investigating the environmental impacts of alternative fuel usage in cement production: a life cycle approach
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Investigating the environmental impacts of alternative fuel usage in cement production: a life cycle approach Simge Çankaya1 Received: 6 March 2019 / Accepted: 22 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract Cement production is a complex process including the use of a high amount of raw materials and energy, and it causes significant emissions such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. However, the use of alternative fuels in cement production has ecological, economic, and social benefits. In this study, the environmental impacts of alternative fuel usage in cement production process were determined by life cycle assessment (LCA) using two methods: (1) IMPACT 2002+ for determining the effects on climate change, human health, ecosystem quality, and resources and (2) Hoekstra et al. (2012) for determining the effect on water scarcity. For this purpose, firstly, LCA of cement production was conducted for the present situation (PS) in Turkey. Secondly, three scenarios (S1, S2, and S3) were built which include different substitution rates (15% and 30%) and different alternative fuels (refuse-derived fuel [RDF] and thermally dried sludge [DS]). The results indicate that the use of RDF as an alternative fuel is more environmentally friendly than the use of DS in cement production. Climate change, one of the most significant impacts derived from cement production, reduces 27% and 12% with the 30% and 15% substitution rate of fossil fuel by RDF for all cement types, respectively. On the contrary, with the use of DS (substitution rate of 15%), climate change increases about 0.5% compared with PS conspicuously. Considering results in terms of water scarcity assessment, it is concluded that electricity consumption is the most significant process contributed to water scarcity because of the production process of electricity. Keywords Alternative fuel · Cement · Life cycle assessment · Refuse-derived fuel · Sewage sludge Abbreviations AA Aquatic acidification AE Aquatic eutrophication AEco Aquatic ecotoxicity
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1066 8-019-00533-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Simge Çankaya [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
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C Carcinogens GW Global warming IR Ionizing radiation LO Land occupation MEX Mineral extraction NC Non-carcinogens NRE Non-renewable energy OD Ozone layer depletion RI Respiratory inorganics RO Respiratory organics TAN Terrestrial acidification/nutrification TE Terrestrial ecotoxicity WSI Water scarcity indicator
1 Introduction Cement production is one of the main sources of carbon emissions among industrial activities (Benhelal et al. 2013). It is estimated that cement production can be responsible for nearly 10% of total anthropogenic C O2 emissions in the near future due to increasing demand for cement (Habert et al. 2011). Besides C
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