Investigation of morphology associated with biporous polymeric materials obtained by the double porogen templating appro
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INVITED ARTICLE
Investigation of morphology associated with biporous polymeric materials obtained by the double porogen templating approach Sarra Mezhoud 1,2,3 & Benjamin Le Droumaguet 1 Daniel Grande 1
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Patrick Aimedieu 2 & Vincent Monchiet 3 & Michel Bornert 2
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Received: 8 June 2020 / Revised: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Doubly porous polymeric materials were prepared from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) through the double porogen templating approach. One such approach required the use of a macroporogenic agent, i.e., NaCl particles, and a porogenic solvent. To this purpose, sieved NaCl particles of different size ranges were used (125–200 μm, 200–250 μm, and 250–400 μm), either sintered through Spark Plasma Sintering or non-fused, in conjunction with a porogenic solvent, i.e., isopropanol. After removal of both porogens, the resulting biporous scaffolds were finely characterized in terms of porosity by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and nitrogen sorption porosimetry. All the obtained results indicated higher porosity ratios and specific surface areas for doubly porous materials prepared from SPS-mediated sintering of macroparticles, thus demonstrating the crucial role of macroporogen packing on the resulting porosity features. Indeed, a higher compaction of NaCl particles generated fewer interstitial voids between adjacent inorganic particles and thus afforded a higher porosity (87% porosity ratio) in the resulting porous material as compared to the corresponding analogue prepared from nonsintered NaCl particles (80% porosity ratio). A complementary 3-D imaging of the microstructure by means of laboratory X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) but also synchrotron μCT analysis qualitatively confirmed these findings. The macroporogen size was also considered to be a crucial parameter regarding the porosity features, as increasing macroporogen sizes were notably associated with increasing porosity ratios. Finally, swelling of those mono- and biporous materials was investigated. The interconnection in the higher porosity level was notably evaluated, and it was observed that the water uptake of biporous PHEMA scaffolds comprising an interconnected higher porosity level can be as high as ~ 2500%. Keywords Doubly porous polymeric materials . Porogenic agents . Spark plasma sintering . X-ray computed microtomography
Introduction Porous materials with bimodal porosity have been the subject of intense research for many years, mostly because of their
large range of applications. They are widely used as innovative materials in many areas, including civil engineering, separative sciences [1–3], tissue engineering [4], and drug delivery applications [5]. In the area of tissue engineering for
* Benjamin Le Droumaguet [email protected] * Daniel Grande [email protected] Sarra Mezhoud [email protected]
Michel Bornert [email protected] 1
Univ Paris Est Creteil, CN
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