Islamophobia in America The Anatomy of Intolerance
Islamophobia in America offers new perspectives on prejudice against Muslims, which has become increasingly widespread in the USA in the past decade. The contributors document the history of anti-Islamic sentiment in American culture, the scope of organiz
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Islamophobia in America The Anatomy of Intolerance
EDITED BY CARL W. ERNST
ISLAMOPHOBIA IN AMERICA
Copyright © Carl W. Ernst, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-29006-9
All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-137-32188-6 DOI 10.1057/9781137290076
ISBN 978-1-137-29007-6 (eBook)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: March 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Introduction: The Problem of Islamophobia Carl W. Ernst
1
1 Common Heritage, Uncommon Fear: Islamophobia in the United States and British India, 1687–1947 Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg
21
2 Islamophobia and American History: Religious Stereotyping and Out-grouping of Muslims in the United States Kambiz GhaneaBassiri
53
3 The Black Muslim Scare of the Twentieth Century: The History of State Islamophobia and Its Post-9/11 Variations Edward E. Curtis IV
75
4 Center Stage: Gendered Islamophobia and Muslim Women Juliane Hammer
107
5 Attack of the Islamophobes: Religious War (and Peace) in Arab/Muslim Detroit Andrew J. Shryock
145
Bibliography
175
List of Contributors
197
Index
199
Introduction The Problem of Islamophobia Carl W. Ernst
In the summer of 2010, the attention of Americans was riveted by two controversies that erupted over the presence of Islam in the United States. One was the theatrical announcement of Pastor Terry Jones, leader of a small religious group in Florida, that he had put the Qur’an on trial for “crimes against humanity” and was planning to burn copies of it on the anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks against American targets. This threat attracted worldwide condemnation, as well as pleas from international leaders and American officials to abstain from a highly provocative action, and ultimately Jones abandoned that particular plan. The other controversy was related to an attempt by an American Muslim group to establish an interfaith community center and place of worship known as Park 51 in downtown Manhattan, not far from the site of the World Trade Center. Although the project had been approved by a normal zoning process without objection, anti-Muslim bloggers created an enormous dispute by arguing that this so-
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