Issues in Energy Storage for Electric-Based Transportation
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Issues in Energy
Storage for ElectricBased Transportation Gholam-Abbas Nazri
Abstract The key to market success for electric vehicles (EVs) has always been the energystorage device, which limits driving range and vehicle acceleration. In many respects, rechargeable lithium batteries are the most attractive technology for storing energy and delivering it on demand in an automobile. Past and ongoing efforts to develop electricbased automotive propulsion systems are chronicled in this article. Keywords: automotive applications, electrical properties, energy-storage materials, rechargeable lithium batteries, transportation.
uct. Many organizations have contributed to the development of electric-based transportation, for example, the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC), Freedom CAR, Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through its Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies (OAAT), which supports Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT). Other related U.S. government programs include those under the military research agencies: the Department of Defense (DOD), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), the Army Research Office (ARO), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Similar activities exist in Europe and Japan, where coordinated efforts are under way among industry, government agencies, and national laboratories to enhance the development of electric-based transportation.5,41 Battery technology is critical not only to the successful development of a practical EV, but also for other modes of electricbased transportation, including fuel-cellpowered vehicles.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Introduction Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable research and development devoted to electric-based transportation systems.1–8 Historically, this effort was driven in large part by the desire to improve urban air quality, but more recently, it has been seen as having the potential to reduce the need for imported petroleum for those countries who rely on it. Electric-based transportation offers the unique prospect of improving the environment while conserving fossil fuels for nonpolluting applications.9–11 Advances in the performance of electrochemical power sources have brightened the prospects for electric vehicles (EVs).9,12,13 Some have even gone so far as to predict that combustionless technologies will dominate and eventually replace the internal-combustion engine (ICE) in the next few decades.9,10 In parallel with advances in batteries, there has been tremendous progress in the development of the EV and its components,14,15 including electronic control and power-management systems.16,17 Recent experiences of several auto manufacturers indicate that shortcomings in battery performance translate into major obstacles to the broad acceptance of the EV by the motoring public. Ironically, aside from the power-source limitations, EVs have been developed that in many respects outperform their ICE-powered counterparts. Although past pr
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