Journey-to-Crime by Gender and Age Group in Manchester, England
This study examines journey-to-crime trips by gender and by age group for offenders who committed crimes in Manchester, England. The data are 97,429 crimes committed in 2006 by 56,368 offenders in which both the residence location of the offender and the
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Journey-to-Crime by Gender and Age Group in Manchester, England Ned Levine and Patsy Lee
Abstract This study examines journey-to-crime trips by gender and by age group for offenders who committed crimes in Manchester, England. The data are 97,429 crimes committed in 2006 by 56,368 offenders in which both the residence location of the offender and the crime location were known. Approximately one in six crimes was committed by women and by juveniles. The analysis showed gender differences in crime travel with interactions by age group, location of the crime, the presence of co-offenders, and ethnicity. Juvenile males had the shortest average trip lengths while adult males had the longest. Female offenders, both juveniles and adults, had crime trips of intermediate length but with a higher percentage being committed in major commercial centres. Around one-quarter of the trips were committed in conjunction with co-offenders, who generally lived quite close to the offender. A negative binomial regression model showed that multiple factors contribute to the journey-to-crime distance traveled including type of crime, age and ethnicity of the offender, crime prolificacy of the offender, presence of co-offenders, and location and land use where crimes occurred. Controlling for these factors, with the exception of shoplifting, female offenders traveled shorter distances in committing their crimes, on average, than male offenders. For shoplifting, female offenders
The authors wish to thank the National Institute of Justice for funding (grant 2005-IJ-CX-K037) and the Greater Manchester Police for access to crime and offender data, compliant with the 1998 U.K. Data Protection Act. The authors also wish to thank Dr. Richard Block of Loyola University, Chicago, for suggestions on improving the paper. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 4th International Conference on Women’s Issues in Transportation sponsored Transportation Research Board, Newport Beach, CA., 2009. N. Levine (*) Ned Levine and Associates, Houston, 8422 Bluegate St 77025-3212, TX, USA e-mail: [email protected] P. Lee Greater Manchester Police, Manchester, UK M. Leitner (ed.), Crime Modeling and Mapping Using Geospatial Technologies, Geotechnologies and the Environment 8, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4997-9_7, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
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traveled longer distances because a higher proportion of those crimes were committed in the central retail core or in town centres. The results indicate that simple generalisations about criminal travel are suspect. Instead, crime travel must be understood as reflecting the interaction of the type of crime, the characteristics of the metropolitan structure, the presence of accomplices, and offender characteristics, particularly gender and age. Keywords Journey-to-crime • Gender • Age • Spatial • Opportunities
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Introduction
In this paper, a journey-to-crime analysis was conducted in Manchester, England to understand how the interaction of gender and age affec
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