Keyboard Contamination in Intensive Care Unit: Is Cleaning Enough? Prospective Research of In Situ Effectiveness of a Te
After the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, disinfection practices and microbial load reduction have become even more important and rigorous. To determine the contamination of keyboard surface and the relative risk to transfer healthcare-associated pathogens to suscep
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Keyboard Contamination in Intensive Care Unit: Is Cleaning Enough? Prospective Research of In Situ Effectiveness of a Tea Tree Oil (KTEO) Film Gabriele Melegari, Ramona Iseppi, Martina Mariani, Enrico Giuliani, Valeria Caciagli, Elisabetta Bertellini, Patrizia Messi, and Alberto Barbieri Abstract
After the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, disinfection practices and microbial load reduction have become even more important and rigorous. To determine the contamination of keyboard surface and the relative risk to transfer healthcare-associated pathogens to susceptible patients, as it frequently happens in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), a standard keyboard (SK), a cleanable keyless keyboard (KK) with smooth surface and a standard keyboard coated with a 3 M Tegaderm® film added with active essen-
G. Melegari (*) and E. Bertellini Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy e-mail: [email protected] R. Iseppi and P. Messi Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy M. Mariani and E. Giuliani Department Department of Medical, Surgical, MaternalChild and Adult Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy V. Caciagli and A. Barbieri School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care of University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
tial oil (tea tree oil) (KTEO) were tested. S. aureus, including MRSA strains, were detected in ICU, with values ranging from 15% to 57%. Gram negative strains belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were also found with values ranging from 14% to 71%. Similar Gram positive and Gram negative strains were found on all surfaces, but with low percentage, and only environmental bacteria were detected using the settling plates method. The Microbial Challenge Test performed on KTEO showed high rates of decrease for all the pathogens with statistical significance both at 24 and 48 h (p ¼ 0.003* and p ¼ 0.040*, respectively). Our results suggest that the use of KTEO may be a feasible strategy for reducing the transmission of pathogens in health care setting and may be complementary to surface cleaning protocols. Keywords
Challenge test · Essential oil · Intensive care unit · Keyboards · Microbial contamination · Pathogens
G. Melegari et al.
Abbreviations ATCC CI CRE EO ESBL HAIs ICU KK KTEO
MRSA OR PCA SK VRE
1
American Type Culture Collection confidence intervals carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae essential oils extended spectrum beta-lactamase health care-associated infections Intensive Care Unit keyless keyboard standard keyboard plus a daily special cover with 3 M Tegaderm® and active essential oil methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus odds ratio plate count agar standard keyboard vancomycin-resistant Enterococci
Introduction
In the last years, multi-drug-resistant bacteria have risen to be among the most serious threat worldwide, especially when they are implicated in a great variety of environments linked to human’s health (Fernando et al. 2017). The One Health program
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