Knowledge and Innovation Economy: an Evaluation of Turkey
Mankind has reached the current level of civilization of our era and economic order through three different transformations and economic experiences. Production, work and life styles have been differentiated with every transformation and experience in soc
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Knowledge and Innovation Economy: an Evaluation of Turkey Fehim Bakırcı
Contents 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Knowledge and Innovation Economy: A Techno-Economic Paradigm . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Basic Features of the Knowledge and Innovation Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Components, Parameters and Indicators of the Knowledge and Innovation Economy 2.5 Knowledge and Innovation Economy in Terms of Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
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Introduction
Mankind has reached the current level of civilization of our era and economic order through three different transformations and economic experiences. Production, work and life styles have been differentiated with every transformation and experience in society. The first of these transformations was agricultural transformation and this period is known as agricultural economy. The second transformation was the change to an industrial economy which established automized production. The third one is the transformation based on knowledge, technology and innovation. Intensive cognitive effort has been made in order to name this last transformation through which civilization has changed totally. The changes of the 21st century become more evident day by day. This last circumstance which we are currently experiencing has been known by various names such as the third wave, the post-industrial period, and post capitalism by different philosophers, among them Brzezinski’s technocratic era definition
F. Bakırcı () Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ataturk University Erzurum, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2018 F. Bakırcı et al. (eds.), German-Turkish Perspectives on IT and Innovation Management, FOM-Edition, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16962-6_2
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which exhibits a different angle. Naming this period knowledge based economy or knowledge economy has become a scientific approach. The industrial civilization paradigm which was also named revolution and lasted for 300 years has ended and a new global paradigm which is based on knowledge, technology and innovation has appeared with this last transformation. Now, knowledge has replaced capital which was the main input and evolution dynamic of the old paradigm. Countries which were able to use this as a production factor have become pioneers of a new global paradigm. These developments enabled knowledge to become a main factor of global competition power, economic development and social welfare. The economic structure began to be called “new economy” with this new structuring. The qualitative and all quantitative developments that change the rules and functions of economy are defined as new economy (Atkinson et al. 1999). It is also possible to define new economy as a high level and long term dev
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