Knowledge and Policy About LGBTQI Migrants: a Scoping Review of the Canadian and Global Context
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Knowledge and Policy About LGBTQI Migrants: a Scoping Review of the Canadian and Global Context Edward Ou Jin Lee 1 & Olivia Kamgain 2 & Trish Hafford-Letchfield 3 & Helen Gleeson 3 & Annie Pullen-Sansfaçon 1 & François Luu 1 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This article aims to share key findings from a scoping review of the literature about LGBTQI migrants from a global context. The scoping review methodology allows for rapid assessment of a broad range of literature while also highlighting key knowledge and policy strengths and gaps. Although this review focuses on the Canadian-specific literature, it also compares the Canadian context with the broader global context. Upon presenting a synthesis of the knowledge produced about LGBTQI migrants, implications on Canadian refugee and newcomer settlement policies are critically assessed. This review presents how the Canadian literature has shifted over the past decade from a focus on legal scholarship to broader knowledge from multiple disciplines about the social, political, economic and transnational contexts for LGBTQI migrations to Canada. Although there have been key improvements to Canadian refugee policy, there remains a lack of federal and provincial policies and settlement programs designed to attend to the particular needs of LGBTQI migrants. The relevance of the Canadian knowledge and policies in relation to knowledge emerging from the Global South and elsewhere in the Global North will also enrich the discussion about present and future research and policy directions in this area. Keywords LGBTQI . Sexuality . Gender . Migration . Forced migration . Canada
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-02000771-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
* Edward Ou Jin Lee [email protected]
1
École de travail social, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
2
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
3
Middlesex University, London, UK
Lee E.O.J. et al.
Introduction On a global scale, there are currently uneven levels of societal acceptance, active exclusion and violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans,1 queer2 and intersex (LGBTQI) people. In their yearly report, the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) suggests that 78 (out of 193) UN member states, the majority from the Global South, have laws which criminalize promoting or engaging in same-sex sexual activity, resulting in imprisonment and in some cases, the death penalty (Carroll and Ramon Mendos, 2017). Simultaneously, the contemporary global context of migration suggests a continued increase in forced migrations, people who are forced out of their countries of origin due to interconnected factors such as political violence, dictatorship, war, environmental disaster and development (Castles et al., 2014). However, there remains scant literature about how these social and economic conditions shape the kinds of homophobic and transphobic violence which often
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