Knowledge-Based System
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Knowledge-Based System Tiziana Segreto Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy Fraunhofer Joint Laboratory of Excellence on Advanced Production Technology (Fh J_LEAPT), Naples, Italy
Synonyms Decision support tools; Expert systems
Definition Knowledge-based systems (KBSs) are computer programs embodying knowledge about a narrow domain for solving problems related to that domain (Teti and Kumara 1997).
Theory and Application Introduction The first knowledge-based systems (KBSs) appeared in the 1970s, and because they contained high-level, domain-specific knowledge elicited from human experts, they were called expert systems (ESs). Today, the terms KBS and ES are
often used synonymously, the only distinction being the context in which the terms are utilized. The ESs exist in many forms, from medical diagnosis to investment analysis and from counseling to production control. Due to the advances of the last decade, today’s ESs users can choose from dozens of commercial software packages. At present, we accept as routine such ESs as weather forecasting, online mapping and driving directions, and diagnostic systems for automotive repair shops. Many large corporations use expert systems in their business. The list of the companies using expert systems technology is long and varied: NASA; HP; Lockheed; Boeing; DaimlerChrysler AG; various power, gas, and oil stations, etc. Expert systems tend to be more effective than other computer-based applications, because they: • May combine the knowledge of many experts in a specific field • Can store an unlimited amount of information and work much faster, than a human • Are available 24 h a day and can be used at a distance over a network • Are able to explain their information requests and suggestions • Can process client’s uncertain responses and, by combining several pieces of uncertain information, may still be able to make strong recommendations • Can accumulate the knowledge of high-level employees for any company, which is
# CIRP 2016 The International Academy for Production Engineering et al. (eds.), CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_6557-4
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Knowledge-Based System
especially useful when the company needs to fire them due to worsened market conditions History In 1965 at Stanford University, B. Buchanan, J. Lederberg, and E. Feigenbaum began to work on the first ES, called DENDRAL, for forecasting molecular structure (Buchanan et al. 1993). Starting from DENDRAL, the ESs were employed in the medical field (Lindsay et al. 1980). The program simulated an expert chemist’s analysis and decision-making capability. In the mid-1970s, MYCIN was developed by E. H. Shortliffe, a physician and computer scientist at Stanford Medical School (Shortliffe 1976). The problems associated with diagnosing a certain class of brain infections were an appropriate area for ES research and an area of particularly pressing human need because the first 24–48 h are critica
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