L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt reduces the harmful effect of lithium on the development of Xenopus laevis embryos
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt reduces the harmful effect of lithium on the development of Xenopus laevis embryos Ayper Boga Pekmezekmek 1
&
Mustafa Emre 2 & Erdal Tunc 3 & Yasar Sertdemir 4
Received: 24 February 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Many xenobiotics in the environment affect the human body in various ways. Among those xenobiotics, lithium chloride (Li, LiCl) and monosodium glutamate (L-glutamic acid monosodium salt, MSG) compounds affect the crucial processes of stem cell differentiation, cell proliferation, developmental gene expression, and overall development in animals. In this study, we aimed to examine the developmental effects of exposure to flavor enhancer MSG and LiCI medicament on Xenopus embryos using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay of Xenopus test. To this purpose, Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to four different concentrations of MSG (120, 500, 750, 1000 mg/dL) and Li (0.02 g/L) alone and in combinations for a period of 96 h, and then normal, abnormal, and death ratios were determined in all exposure groups. Besides, length values of all groups and membrane potentials of fertilized and non-fertilized oocyte groups treated with 120- and 500-mg/dL MSG doses and 0.02-g/L LiCI dose were measured. Treatment with ADI (acceptable daily intake) dose of MSG alone did not lead to a substantial effect on the development of Xenopus laevis embryos. But, exposure to daily doses exceeding the ADI level (500, 750, 1000 mg/dL) caused significant harmful effects. Besides, Li-involving treatments caused dramatic deleterious effects on embryo development. MSG attenuated harmful effects of Li in MSG+Li combined treatments. Membrane potentials of non-fertilized oocytes and fertilized eggs were significantly changed in all groups that their membrane potentials were measured. Extrapolating these results into humans require similarly designed studies conducted on human embryos. Keywords L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG) . Lithium chloride . Embryo teratogenicity . Embryo toxicity . FETAX
Introduction The amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate is naturally produced in the human body and found in many foods such as Parmesan cheese, tomatoes, mushroom, walnut, egg, chicken, beef, pork, carrot, pea, and other vegetables. Human body on Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Ayper Boga Pekmezekmek [email protected] 1
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Balcalı, 01330 Adana, Turkey
2
Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
3
Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
4
Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
average produces 50 g of free glutamate, a quantity that each healthy body needs for daily metabolism (Walker and Lupien 2000; Kalapanda 2009). On the other hand, monosodium glutamate (MSG), a kind of food additive and flavor enhancer, ha
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