Lake Mogan (Turkey) Pollution by Metals and Phosphorus: Some Comments
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Lake Mogan (Turkey) Pollution by Metals and Phosphorus: Some Comments Salvatore Chirumbolo 1,2
&
Geir Bjørklund 2
Received: 16 January 2020 / Accepted: 17 February 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Dear Editor, The recent paper by Asli Gul Kucukosmanoglu and Ayhan Filazi [1] reported a pollution bioanalysis in the freshwater natural system of Lake Mogan, Ankara (Turkey), concluding that the metal pollution was prevalently due to urbanization and industrial wastes [1]. Heavy metal pollution and accumulation indexes in the environment are useful tools to quantify and monitor the actual presence of those pollutants in the natural background. Some of these indicators may be particularly useful to even elucidate the evidence reported by Kucukosmanoglu and Filazi [1]. For example, the pollution local index (PLI), evaluated according to Tomlinson et al. [2], uses the contamination factor (CF) according to the formula: PLI ¼ ðCF1 CF2 CF3 :……CFnÞ1=n where N = number of metals and CF = the metal concentration in the sediment/background values of the same metal [2]. Chakravarty and Patgiri [3] established that a PLI > 1 indicates pollution, whereas a PLI < 1 indicates no pollution, using a score of CF ranging from < 1 (low) to > 6 (very high contamination) [3]. Sallau et al. [4] used the enrichment factor (EF), ranging from < 3 (minor or minimal enrichment) to > 50 (extremely severe enrichment), to investigate the level of sediment contamination and soil accrual, also due to anthropic effects, which is better defined by the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) [4, 5]:
* Salvatore Chirumbolo [email protected] 1
Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 9, 37134 Verona, Italy
2
Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
Enrichment factor ðEFÞ ¼ ðmetal=FeÞ sample=ðmetal=FeÞ crust Data about the heavy metal sedimentation in pelagic and/or benthic macro-invertebrates should give a thorough overview of values and measurement methods used in the literature, often using the aforementioned indexes [6–8]. Kucukosmanoglu and Filazi [1] determined the actual concentrations of heavy metals in lake water and sediments by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), without referring to further accumulation indexes. Based on the current literature in the field, we have discussed the evidence reported by Kucukosmanoglu and Filazi [1], taking into account some important insights regarding the evidence itself. As a whole, the impact of these authors’ contribution is particularly striking to comprehend how metal pollution enters the environment food chain and affects human health, concern that can never be dismissed as a simple “environmental” damage, but that also raises questions about how much metal sources come from natural soils and mineral deposits in groundwater. Kucukosmanoglu and Filazi showed decreasing levels of water contamination following this se
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