Landmine Detection and Discrimination Using High-Pressure Waterjets
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Landmine Detection and Discrimination Using High-Pressure Waterjets Daryl G. Beetner Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Email: [email protected]
R. Joe Stanley Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Email: [email protected]
Sanjeev Agarwal Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Email: [email protected]
Deepak R. Somasundaram Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Email: [email protected]
Kopal Nema Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Email: [email protected]
Bhargav Mantha Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Email: [email protected] Received 11 August 2003; Revised 24 May 2004; Recommended for Publication by Chong-Yung Chi Methods of locating and identifying buried landmines using high-pressure waterjets were investigated. Methods were based on the sound produced when the waterjet strikes a buried object. Three classification techniques were studied, based on temporal, spectral, and a combination of temporal and spectral approaches using weighted density distribution functions, a maximum likelihood approach, and hidden Markov models, respectively. Methods were tested with laboratory data from low-metal content simulants and with field data from inert real landmines. Results show that the sound made when the waterjet hit a buried object could be classified with a 90% detection rate and an 18% false alarm rate. In a blind field test using 3 types of harmless objects and 7 types of landmines, buried objects could be accurately classified as harmful or harmless 60%–90% of the time. High-pressure waterjets may serve as a useful companion to conventional detection and classification methods. Keywords and phrases: signal processing, classification, pattern recognition, high-pressure waterjet, object detection, unexploded ordnance.
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INTRODUCTION
The United Nations estimates that millions of mines lie buried around the world. Improving landmine detection capability is paramount to saving lives of innocent victims. There are numerous landmine detection systems under investigation, including thermal, chemical, acoustic, hyperspectral imagery, ground penetrating radar (GPR), and metal detectors (MD) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Only a few are actively used in
the field. Hand-held units utilizing MDs are commonly used. Landmine metal content, soil conditions, and depth are particularly relevant for the MD. Size and shape of the buried object, soil conditions, mine burial depth, and object similarity to landmines provide constraints for MD- and GPR-based landmine detection capability [6, 7, 8]. MDs have proven successful with metallic-based landmines. However, there are many landmines that are plastic-cased and contain minute amounts of metal. The MD responses for these landmine
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EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Mic. Nozzle Water
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