Landscape-level determinants of the spread and impact of invasive grasses in protected areas
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Landscape-level determinants of the spread and impact of invasive grasses in protected areas Rafaela Guimara˜es Silva . Rafael Dudeque Zenni Laı´s Souza Bastos . Eduardo van den Berg
. Vinicius Possato Rosse .
Received: 28 October 2019 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Anthropogenic disturbances play an important role in invasibility, and the traits of exotic species act as mediators of invasion success. The impact of exotic species can be evaluated through an association with invasion potential. The magnitude and potential severity of exotic species impacts can aid in decision making regarding the best conservation, restoration, management and control actions. In this sense, our objectives were to (1) evaluate the potential invasion risk of naturalized graminoid species in the Cerrado biome using risk analysis; (2) understand the magnitude of the impact of these species on protected areas by analysing the relationships between invasiveness, invasion potential and proximity to strictly protected areas, as well as to the biome as a whole; and (3) identify the drivers of spread contributing to species richness and abundance in the Cerrado. Our results showed that naturalized graminoid species in the Cerrado biome present invasion risks and potential impacts varying from medium to high. Additionally,
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02307-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. R. Guimara˜es Silva (&) R. D. Zenni V. P. Rosse L. S. Bastos E. van den Berg Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universita´rio, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG CEP 37200-000, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
these landscapes were vulnerable due to their proximity to protected areas, which act as filters against these species and against anthropogenic agents (human population and road density) that may increase the richness and population sizes of these plants. Based on our results, we recommend developing and prioritizing management and control strategies in strictly protected areas and in their surrounding areas to avoid the dispersal and establishment of aggressive species (African grasses) in their interiors, homogenization risks and the consequent loss of native biodiversity. Keywords Risk analysis Graminoids Cerrado Exotic species
Introduction Exotic species introductions via the direct or indirect effects of human actions cause drastic changes in nature that may result in the extinction of native species (Almeida-Neto et al. 2010) and decreases in the functioning of natural ecosystems (e.g., changes in the natural fire regime of the Cerrado) (Zenni 2014; Gorgone-Barbosa et al. 2015). Anthropogenic disturbances facilitate the introduction and dispersal of exotic species propagules and influence landscape composition, fire regimes and landscape
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