Landscape-scale drivers of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation in the eastern United States
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AQUATIC HOMOGENOCENE
Landscape-scale drivers of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation in the eastern United States Brandon K. Peoples . Amy J. S. Davis . Stephen R. Midway Julian D. Olden . Lauren Stoczynski
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Received: 31 August 2019 / Revised: 4 December 2019 / Accepted: 11 December 2019 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Establishment of nonnative fishes and extirpations of native fishes have homogenized freshwater fish faunas, yet our understanding of the drivers of this process remain limited. We addressed this knowledge gap by testing three hypotheses about introductions and homogenization of fish communities is the eastern United States: First, whether nonnative fish introductions have caused fish faunas to become homogenized or differentiated; second, whether patterns of faunal change are related to native species richness, propagule pressure, and anthropogenic disturbance; third, whether invasion patterns are attributable to either biotic resistance or preadaptation. We compared taxonomic similarity among watersheds Guest editors: Andre´ A. Padial, Julian D. Olden & Jean R. S.Vitule / The Aquatic Homogenocene. B. K. Peoples (&) L. Stoczynski Dept. of Forestry & Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. J. S. Davis Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium S. R. Midway Dept. of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA J. D. Olden School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
in historical and contemporary time steps, and modeled contributions of different drivers to faunal change within watersheds. Average similarity among watersheds nearly doubled in contemporary times, pointing to substantial fish faunal homogenization. No watersheds lost species; patterns of homogenization are attributable entirely to nonnative species invasion. Community change and nonnative richness were positively associated with agriculture-urban land use, recreational fishing demand, and elevation. Native richness negatively affected community change and nonnative richness. Nonnative species originated from watersheds with higher richness than the ones they invaded, suggesting a role for biotic resistance. Understanding how mechanisms operate across spatial scales will help guide future conservation efforts. Keywords Stream Species introductions Biotic resistance Propagule pressure Freshwater Nonnative species Watersheds
Introduction Human activities have caused a global biodiversity crisis (Pimm et al., 1995; Vitousek et al., 1997). A key component of this crisis is biotic ‘homogenization’ (McKinney & Lockwood, 1999), in which species composition of regional communities become more
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Hydrobiologia
similar through time via loss of unique native species (or traits, alleles, etc.) and/or gain of shared nonnative species (Olden & Poff, 2003, 2004). Conseq
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