Language, Truth and Ontology
All except three of the papers in this volume were presented at the colloquium on "L'Ontologie formelle aujourd'hui", Geneva, 3-5 June 1988. The three exceptions, the papers by David Armstrong, Uwe Meixner and Wolfgang Lenzen, were presented at the colloq
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PHll..OSOPHICAL STUDIES SERIES Founded by Wilfrid S. Sellars and Keith Lehrer
Editor: KEITH LEHRER, University ofArizona Managing Editor: LOIS DAY, University ofArizona Board of Consulting Editors: JONATHAN BENNETT, Syracuse University ALLAN GIBBARD, University of Michigan ROBERT STALNAKER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ROBERT G. TURNBULL, Ohio State University
VOLUME 51
LANGUAGE,TRUTH AND ONTOLOGY Edited by:
KEVIN MULLIGAN
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Language, truth, and ontology / edited by Kevin Mull1gan. cm. -- (Ph11osophical stud1es ser1es ; v. 51) p. Includes three papers presented at a colloqu1um held in Geneva, 3-5 June 1988 and three from a colloquium held in Z1nal, June 1-3, 1990. Includes indexes. ISBN 978-94-010-5149-1 ISBN 978-94-011-2602-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2602-1
1. Ontology--Congresses. 2. Language and languages--Ph11osophy-Congresses. 3. Truth--Congresses. 1. Mulligan, Kevin, 1951II. Ser ies. B0311. L36 1992 lll--dc20 91-37262
ISBN 978-94-010-5149-1
Printed on acid-free paper All rights reserved © 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1992 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
In memory of Hector-Neri Castaneda
TABLE OF CONTENTS
~
PREFACE ROD E RIC K M. CHI S H 0 L M /
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The Basic Ontological Categories
Introduction The Basic Concepts Individual Things and Events Beginnings and Processes Necessary Substance
Properties 1. Why We Should Admit Properties 2. Universals vs. Tropes
D . M. ARM S T RON G /
U W E MEl X N E R /
On Negative and Disjunctive Properties
and VANN MCGEE / Particulars, Individual Qualities, and Universals
1 2 5 5 12 14 15 22 28
KEITH LEHRER
Characteristica Universalis Preamble From Leibniz to Frege Directly Depicting Diagrams vs. Existential Graphs Some Conditions on a Directly Depicting Language The Oil-Painting Principle Primitives and Definitions Substance Accidents Sub-Atoms (Mutually Dependent Parts of Atoms) Boundaries and Boundary Dependence Universals
BARR Y SMITH /
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
K ARE L LAM B E R T /
Definite Descriptions and the Theory
cl~~
1. A New Explanation 2. An Application of the Foregoing Explanation
vii
37 48 48 49 51 53 56 57 64 67 70 71 73
n
78 82
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HER B E R THO C H B ERG /
Truth Makers, Truth Predicates,
and Truth Types
87
Worlds and States of Affairs: How Similar Can They Be? 1. Motivation 2. Salmon's Counterexample 3. The Branching Conception
GRAEME FORBES /
MARCO SANT AMBROGIO /
118 118 120 125
Was Frege Right about Variable
Objects?
133
Logical Atomism and Its Ontological Refinement: A Defense 1. Introduction 2. Log
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