Language Use in Joint Action: The Means of Referring Expressions
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Language Use in Joint Action: The Means of Referring Expressions Harumi Kobayashi1 · Tetsuya Yasuda2 · Hiroshi Igarashi3 · Satoshi Suzuki4 Accepted: 26 December 2017 © The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication
Abstract This study examined how human–human collaboration can be achieved through an exchange of verbal information in exchanging information about the referents in a joint action. Knowing other people’s referential intention is fundamental for joint action. Joint action can be achieved verbally by two types of referring expressions, namely, symbolic and deictic referring expressions. Using corpus data, we extracted nouns as typical symbolic references and demonstratives as typical deictic references. We examined whether the word usage of these terms changed when the robot vehicles controlled by the participants repeatedly performed the same collaborative task. We used a novel virtual space for the task because we wanted to control the common ground shared by the participants. The results of the performance indicate that the task completion became more efficient as the participants repeated the task. The referential word use was reduced in both symbolic and deictic references, and this reduction occurred with a grounding process among the collaborators. The study showed that reduction of referential expressions occurs with the grounding process in human–human collaboration and suggests that appropriate collaborative robot systems must deal with the reduction process of referencing in humans. Keywords Collaborative work · Joint action · Grounding · Common ground · Demonstratives · Referring expressions
1 Introduction In the present highly industrialized societies, robots have been operational in factory and manufacturing settings as well as in natural human environments, such as homes, stores, hospitals, and museums. However, a majority of these robots can only function with predetermined programs or through remote control by humans. Autonomous robots that can work with humans may be ideal in conditions that often involve unpredictable situations. However, perfect autonomous robots are yet to be realized because the possible mechanisms of human–robot collaboration are not well known. This study explores the information exchange on the
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Harumi Kobayashi [email protected]
1
Division of Information System Design, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
2
Department of Human Developmental Psychology, Jumonji University, Saitama, Japan
3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan
4
Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan
referents in human–human collaboration, hoping to provide some insight into the design of human–robot information exchange in joint action. Cooperation is regarded as natural human behavior [1]. When there is a concerted effort in collaborative situations, such as in moving objects, people act jointly. Sebanz et al. [2] defined joint action as “any form of social interactio
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