Laser Formation of Colloidal Sulfur- and Carbon-Doped Silicon Nanoparticles
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R PHYSICS AND LASER OPTICS
Laser Formation of Colloidal Sulfur- and Carbon-Doped Silicon Nanoparticles A. A. Nastulyavichusa, *, S. I. Kudryashova, b, N. A. Smirnova, R. A. Khmel’nitskiia, A. A. Rudenkoa, N. N. Mel’nika, D. A. Kirilenkoc, P. N. Brunkovc, and A. A. Ionina a Lebedev
Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia b ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101 Russia c Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
Received January 21, 2020; revised February 21, 2020; accepted February 28, 2020
Abstract—Unique sulfur- and carbon- doped silicon nanoparticles, as well as partially oxidized, are obtained by nanosecond laser ablation of silicon in liquid carbon disulfide. Detailed structural, chemical, and optical characterization of these particles was performed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy. It is shown that the sulfur concentration in particles is on the order of 1 at %, owing to which they demonstrate a considerable absorption in the mid-IR region. Keywords: silicon, laser ablation, plasma, sulfur doping, silicon nanoparticles DOI: 10.1134/S0030400X20070140
INTRODUCTION Since the development of nanoparticles, they have been extensively studied and widely used in many fields of science and engineering, including microbiology, medicine, pharmaceutics, solar energetics, etc. [1, 2]. Significant interest in nanoparticles is explained by their unique chemical, physical, optical, and catalytic properties. For example, magnetic nanoparticles are used in diagnostic visualization [3], wastewater treatment, and removal of metal ions [4]. An important class is represented by liposomes— spherical lipid bilayer vesicles [5], which are used for targeted drug delivery [6, 7]. Nanoparticles are also used in cosmetology [8]. For example, zinc oxide nanoparticles are used in sunscreens [9, 10]. Nanoparticles of such materials as graphene, silica, and silver are frequently used as fillers for polymer food packaging [11]. Many metal nanoparticles possess antibacterial properties [12]. It is also known that selenium and silicon nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial activity [13–15]. In turn, silicon nanoparticles have an especially large number of applications. Surface-modified nanoparticles formed on the surface silicon nanoparticles as a result of photoinduced graft polymerization of acrylic acid are used as biological labels for cell visualization [16]. Nanoparticles are characterized by biological compatibility and have low cyto- and gene-toxicity [17, 18]. In addition, they are useful for photodynamic therapy based on silicon nanostructures [19, 20]. Single-crystal silicon nanoparticles several tens of nano-
meters in diameter can be used for development of electronic devices consisting of single nanoparticles [21]. Porous silicon nanoparticles are successfully used as anodes for lithium-ion batteries with high operating characteristics [22]. It is known that s
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