Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland 15 Million Years of Vegetation and

Being the only place in the northern North Atlantic yielding late Cainozoic terrestrial sediments rich in plant fossils, Iceland provides a unique archive for vegetation and climate development in this region. This book includes the complete plant fossil

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Aims and Scope Topics in Geobiology Book Series

The Topics in Geobiology series covers the broad discipline of geobiology that is devoted to documenting life history of the Earth. A critical theme inherent in addressing this issue and one that is at the heart of the series is the interplay between the history of life and the changing environment. The series aims for high quality, scholarly volumes of original research as well as broad reviews. Geobiology remains a vibrant as well as a rapidly advancing and dynamic field. Given this field’s multidiscipline nature, it treats a broad spectrum of geologic, biologic, and geochemical themes all focused on documenting and understanding the fossil record and what it reveals about the evolutionary history of life. The Topics in Geobiology series was initiated to delve into how these numerous facets have influenced and controlled life on Earth. Recent volumes have showcased specific taxonomic groups, major themes in the discipline, as well as approaches to improving our understanding of how life has evolved. Taxonomic volumes focus on the biology and paleobiology of organisms – their ecology and mode of life – and, in addition, the fossil record – their phylogeny and evolutionary patterns – as well as their distribution in time and space. Theme-based volumes, such as predator-prey relationships, biomineralization, paleobiogeography, and approaches to high-resolution stratigraphy, cover specific topics and how important elements are manifested in a wide range of organisms and how those dynamics have changed through the evolutionary history of life. Comments or suggestions for future volumes are welcomed. Series Editors Neil H. Landman Department of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Peter J. Harries Department of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA. e-mail: [email protected]

For other titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/series/6623

Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland 15 Million Years of Vegetation and Climate History in the Northern North Atlantic Thomas Denk  •  Friðgeir Grímsson Reinhard Zetter  •  Leifur A. Símonarson

Thomas Denk Department of Palaeobotany Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm Sweden [email protected]

Reinhard Zetter University of Vienna Department of Palaeontology Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria [email protected]

Friðgeir Grímsson University of Vienna Department of Palaeontology Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria [email protected]

Leifur A. Símonarson Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland Sturlugata 7 101 Reykjavik Iceland [email protected]

ISBN 978-94-007-0371-1 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0372-8 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0372-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924546 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, m