Latex particles by emulsion and dispersion polymerizations: sensitization with specific antigens of leptospirosis and ap
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Latex particles by emulsion and dispersion polymerizations: sensitization with specific antigens of leptospirosis and application to immunoagglutination Leandro E. Peretti1,2 · Verónica D. G. Gonzalez1,4 · Luis A. Clementi1,3 · Luis M. Gugliotta1,5 Received: 14 May 2020 / Revised: 14 October 2020 / Accepted: 17 October 2020 © Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Química 2020
Abstract The controlled synthesis of polymer nanoparticles is of great interest in the production of latexes with well defined characteristics. These products can be applied in biomedicine as carriers of biomolecules (e.g. proteins and enzymes), and in particular as latexes for immunoassays used for example in immunoagglutination test, which allow amplify the antigen–antibody reaction, being simple, quick and inexpensive diagnostic tools. The synthesis of polystyrene (PS) latex particles and of core–shell particles, with controlled size distribution, functional groups and surface charge densities is considered here. PS latexes were synthesized in the 100–1100 nm diameter range, by either emulsion or dispersion polymerization. Such latexes were then used as seeds in emulsion copolymerizations of styrene and a functional monomer (methacrylic acid or glycidyl methacrylate), thus producing particles with carboxyl or epoxy functionalities, respectively. Changes in the polymerization recipes employed under batch operation were analyzed. Latex characterization involved measurements of mean particle diameters, the polydispersity index, functional group densities and zeta potential. Finally, latexes were sensitized (by either physical adsorption or covalent coupling) with specific antigens to obtain latex–protein complexes, and one of them was tested as agglutination assay for detecting leptospirosis disease in bovine samples, as an example of the potential application of the latexes produced. Keywords Emulsion polymerization · Dispersion polymerization · Immunoagglutination · Leptospirosis
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-020-00080-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Luis M. Gugliotta [email protected] 1
INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral and CONICET), Güemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
2
Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
3
FRSF-UTN (Facultad Regional Santa Fe, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional), Lavaisse 610, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
4
Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
5
Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
Polymeric latex particles for biomedical purposes are of great interest because of their variety of applications (Pichot et al. 1997), which include the production of a latex agglutination test (LAT) for the detection of illnesses like Chagas’ disease (Gonzalez et al. 2008b, 2010; García et al
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