Lead-free all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots: review and outlook
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Lead‑free all‑inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots: review and outlook Da Eun Lee1 · Soo Young Kim2 · Ho Won Jang1 Received: 29 February 2020 / Revised: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 May 2020 © The Korean Ceramic Society 2020
Abstract Halide perovskite is attracting significant attention in optoelectronic because of its unique properties. Lead-free halide perovskites, in particular, have been studied intensively for their nontoxicity. In addition to the attention given to lead-free halide perovskites, the manufacture of these materials on a quantum scale has also received considerable attention due to the quantum confinement effect. This review discusses the current status of lead-free, all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (LFAIHP QDs). First, synthetic methods for producing quantum dots are introduced; then materials are discussed with a focus on tin, bismuth, antimony, copper-based and double perovskite quantum dots. The properties of these materials-such as their physical structure, optical properties, electrical properties, and stability-are discussed. The application of these materials for solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, photocatalysts, and memory devices are also examined. Finally, the limitations of LFAIHP QDs, possible methods to overcome them and prospects for these materials in the future are provided. Keywords Lead-free · Halide perovskite · Quantum dots · Synthesis · Application
1 Introduction Halide perovskites emerged as promising materials for electronic and optoelectronic devices such as solar cells [1], light emitting diodes (LEDs) [2], sensors [3], memory devices [4–6], photodetectors [7]. This is because halide perovskites demonstrate unique properties such as tunable band gap, facile synthesis, high absorption efficiency, solution processability, flexibility, fast ion migration and long charge carrier diffusion length [8, 9]. The metal halide perovskite has a simple A BX3 structure, where A is occupied by organic or inorganic material such as CH3NH3+ (MA), CH(NH2)2+ (FA) or-, Cs+, and B by a divalent metal cation such as P b2+ or S n2+, and X by a halide anion [10]. The corner-sharing BX6 octahedra is the basis of the perovskite, and an A cation occupies the voids between * Soo Young Kim [email protected] * Ho Won Jang [email protected] 1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 028410, Korea
2
these octahedra. During the nascent stage of the electronic and optoelectronic industries, organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites, such as MAPbI3 and FAPbI3, garnered much attention [11, 12]. However, due to the instability of organic materials, the focus has shifted to all inorganic halide perovskites [8, 13]. Until recently, almost all studies focused on CsPbX3, which contains lead. The toxicity of lead raised concerns and limited the inorganic halide perovskites from practical applications [8, 14
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