Lead-free piezoelectric materials and composites for high power density energy harvesting
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Lead-free piezoelectric materials and composites for high power density energy harvesting Deepam Mauryaa),d) Bio-Inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA; and Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Mahesh Peddigarid) Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
Min-Gyu Kang Bio-Inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Liwei D. Geng Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
Nathan Sharpes Communications-Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Center, US Army RDECOM, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, USA
Venkateswarlu Annapureddy Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
Haribabu Palneedi Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
Rammohan Sriramdas and Yongke Yan Bio-Inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Hyun-Cheol Song Center for Electronic Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
Yu U. Wang Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
Jungho Ryub) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
Shashank Priyac) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; and, Materials Research Institute, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802, USA. (Received 7 December 2017; accepted 11 May 2018)
In the emerging era of Internet of Things (IoT), power sources for wireless sensor nodes in conjunction with efficient and secure wireless data transfer are required. Energy harvesting technologies are promising solution toward meeting the requirements for sustainable power sources for the IoT. In this review, we focus on approaches for harvesting stray vibrations and magnetic field due to their abundance in the environment. Piezoelectric materials and piezoelectric–magnetostrictive [magnetoelectric (ME)] composites can be used to harvest vibration and magnetic field, respectively. Currently, such harvesters use modified lead zirconate titanate (or lead-based) piezoelectric materials and ME composites. However, environmental concerns and government regulations require the development of a suitable lead-free replacement for lead-based piezoelectric materials. In the past decade, several lead-free piezoelectric compositions have been developed and demonstrated with promising piezoelectric response. This paper revi
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