Lectures on Ultrafast Intense Laser Science 1 Volume 1
This book features tutorial-like chapters on ultrafast intense laser science by world-leading scientists who are active in the rapidly developing interdisciplinary research field. It is written to give a comprehensive survey of all the essential aspects o
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SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 94
Lectures on Ultrafast Intense Laser Science 1 123
Springer Series in
chemical physics
94
Springer Series in
chemical physics Series Editors: A. W. Castleman, Jr. J. P. Toennies K. Yamanouchi W. Zinth The purpose of this series is to provide comprehensive up-to-date monographs in both well established disciplines and emerging research areas within the broad f ields of chemical physics and physical chemistry. The books deal with both fundamental science and applications, and may have either a theoretical or an experimental emphasis. They are aimed primarily at researchers and graduate students in chemical physics and related f ields.
Please view available titles in Springer Series in Chemical Physics on series homepage http://www.springer.com/series/676
Kaoru Yamanouchi Editor
Lectures on Ultrafast Intense Laser Science 1 With 305 Figures
123
Editor Professor Ka0ru Yamanouchi The University of Tokyo Department of Chemistry 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 E-Mail: [email protected]
Series Editors:
Professor A.W. Castleman, Jr. Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Professor J.P. Toennies ¨ Stromungsforschung ¨ Max-Planck-Institut fur ¨ Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Gottingen, Germany
Professor K. Yamanouchi Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
Professor W. Zinth Universit¨at M¨unchen, Institut f¨ur Medizinische Optik ¨ Ottingerstr. 67, 80538 M¨unchen, Germany
Springer Series in Chemical Physics ISSN 0172-6218 ISBN 978-3-540-95943-4 e-ISBN 978-3-540-95944-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-95944-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specif ically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microf ilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specif ic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar Steinen Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
When light is weak, atoms and molecules absorbing it may not change their original characters. In optical spectroscopy, an optical transition occurs from one eigenstate to a higher-lying eigenstate of atoms and molecules. From the spectrum, we can extract a variety of character
