Leishmaniosis: New Insights in a Changing World
Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of serious veterinary concern in the Mediterranean basin. In Portugal has been reported in dogs, cats and synanthropic rodents. Epidemiological changes and new hosts may contribute t
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Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal [email protected] 2 Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 3 Agrarian School of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal 4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 5 Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 6 National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal
Abstract. Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of serious veterinary concern in the Mediterranean basin. In Portugal has been reported in dogs, cats and synanthropic rodents. Epidemiological changes and new hosts may contribute to increase zoonotic risk. A better knowledge on immune response, treatment and diagnosis are at the forefront of research on this disease. Host immune response is multifactorial, reflecting the organ specificity. Macrophages (MØ) are the definitive host cells, although neutrophils (PMN) are the first cells to encounter parasites soon after inoculation in the dermis. The PMN-parasite interaction decreases parasite viability, but PMN-MØ interaction induces nitric oxide production and release of neutrophil extracellular traps that contain parasites, controlling dog infection at early stages. Liver resident Kupffer cells (KC) efficiently phagocyte Leishmania by establishing an intimate contact with circulating blood. The impact of meglumine antimoniate (MG) over infected canine KC was investigated. The effect of different treatment protocols in dog’s immune response was assessed. MG+miltefosine treatments plus allopurinol restore lymphokine gene expression, pointing through a drug-induced reduction of anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Furthermore, increasing feline leishmaniosis and the inconsistent results of therapeutic protocols led the team to evaluate their safety and effectiveness in cat. Keywords: Leishmania · Leishmaniosis · Host-immune-response · Zoonosis · Treatment G. Alexandre-Pires and M. Santos—These authors contributed equally for this work. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 A. Freitas Duarte and L. Lopes da Costa (Eds.): Advances in Animal Health, Medicine and Production, pp. 301–320, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61981-7_17
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What is canine leishmaniosis (CanL)? CanL is a chronic and multisystemic disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum transmitted by Phlebotomine sand flies. A wide range of nonspecific clinical signs is displayed with diverse intensities and symptoms which can affect any organ and be influenced by several factors (Santos-Gomes and Pereira da Fonseca 2008). These include parasite strain and virulence, host genetic background, age, gender, breed, coexistent infections, immune competence and nut
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